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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adolescence as a separte stage
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not considered until the 20th century
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one year old Tamara height and weight
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interact with her cognitive, personality, and social development
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Which philosophical view assumes that children should be allowed to grow naturally without interference from parents and society
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innate goodness
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in order to get a thorough understading of the nature of human development over time
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somewhat approximate and not set in stone
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In science a fact
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is better than a theory
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which statement best describes the relationship between heredity and environment
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they both interact to determine behavior
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a major distinction between freud and erikson
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sees development as a life long process, where as frued emphasize on early experiences
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when Watson trained Albert
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classical conditioning
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According to Piaget the balance between assimilation and accommodation
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equilibration
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when conducting survery research
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sample, population
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Although interesting, a case study done on a child may not add much to the knowledge of a child
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not generalize well
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Ruth has twins, one an boy and one a girl
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dizygotice
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each ovum posseses
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23 chromosomes, 23 chromosomes
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is the process of increasing behavior by removing a stimulus
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negative reinforcement
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making modification in thinking when information does not fit in scheme
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accomodation
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which form of research can provide the best evidence in something casues something
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experiment
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a psychologis conducts a study of 1,000 with disabilitis
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longitudinal
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evolution takes place
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over many generations
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process that produces reproductive cells
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meisis
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gametes or cells unite at conception
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zygote
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melinda and joseph both have brown eyes.
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both have recessive gene for blue eyes
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people seek out environmenets that consisten with their genetic make up
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active niche picking
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brown hair is someones
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phenotype
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Dr Harmon believes that development is
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multidimensional
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Continuity is to as discontinity is to
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gradual, abrupt
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baby friendly programs in impoverished countries encourage mothers to breast feed their babies. One disadvantage of these programs however is that:
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Aids can be passed through breast milk
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The pattern of development that occurs from the top down is know as
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Cephalocaudal
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Julia wonders how tall her son will be when he grows up. Her pediatrician told her to wait until he is years old and then double it.
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2
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Which of the following statements is True
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Extensive brain development continues after birth
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The area in the cerebral cortex that is responsible for voluntary movement and thinking is called the lobe
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frontal
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the area in the cerebral cortex that is responsible for processing visual information is called the lobe
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occipital
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by accident, Levi's sisters fellon him when they were running in the house. If he later has trouble thinking, planning, and self regulation, it is most likely that his lobe was damaged.
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frontal
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Jerome weighed in at 6 pounds when he was born. Compared to others newborns he is
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underweight
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the part of the neuron that carriees signals toward the cell body is called
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dendrite
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what is the name of the fatty substance that speeds up trasmission of impulses and surrounds the axon of a neuron.
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myelin
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Jean Piaget used detailed observation of his own children to develop his theory of
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cognitive dvelopment
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Adjusting to new environmental demands is called
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accommodation
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incorporating new information into already existing schemes is called
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assimilation
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the sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth until about
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2 years old
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the understanding that ojects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched
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object permanence
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the focusing of mental resources on select information is called
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attention
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Bailey looks at her rattle and kicks excitedly. After a few minutes she stops kicking and beings looking around.
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habituation
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Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memory
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implicit
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Andrew Meltzoff has shown that infants can imitate a facial expression within the first few days after birth and suggest that this indicates that the infant imitative ablities are
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biologically based
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a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called
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language
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Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, to his or her well being
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emotions
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Emotions that are present in humans and animals and that appear in the first 6 months of human infants development
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primitive emotions
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Susans baby, Cameron is fussy and cannot seem to be soothed. Susans walks with him and responds in a calm and gentle manner until cameron settles down and begins to smile. The interaction is
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None
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a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli is called
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reflexive smile
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At what age does separation protest peak
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15 months
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children can begin regulate their emotions
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by age 1
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Elias puts his infant daugther in her crib for a nap and a few minutes later she begins to cry. According to John Watson Elias should
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Ignore her so the crying is not reinforced
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Marisol wraps her infant son in a blanket wheneverhe cries or seems distressed, what techniwue is Marisol using to calm her baby
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swaddling
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Kyoko and Jason are going to have a child. Statistically speaking their will most likely have temperament
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easy
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Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant.
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pick up the baby and sooth
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what have been found to be the two most important contributors to height and differences among children world wide
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ethnic origin and nutrition
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which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is Not true
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by the time a child is is 4 the brain is 95 %
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Myelination of nerve celss is important for development
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increasing the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nevous system.
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Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills is to
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hopping, writing
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Guidelines recommend that preschool children engage in hours of physical activity each day
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2
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the leading cause of death in you children in united states is
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motor vehicle accidents
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A diet that lacks sufficient quality meat and green leafy vegetables can result in a condition known as
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iron deficiency anemia
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the stage of preoperational thought lasts from age years until age
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2,7
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a young child might be heard saying that tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down. The childs belief is that
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animism
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Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from
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considering combinations of features
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When adults are working with young children, they often provide lots of hints. As child demostrate they can do it themselves adults withdraw from these supports
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ZPD
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when teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student
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scaffolding
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at what age do children have a solid understanding of false beliefs
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5 years
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According to Erikson the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood
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initiative vs guilt
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At approximately what age does self awareness first take place
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18 months
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at about what age are children when they understand that the same event causes different emotion in different people
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4 to 5 years
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a parent who monitors their childrens emotions views their childrens negative emotions as opportunities for teaching and assists children in labeling their emotions would be called
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emotion coaching
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according to psychoanalytic theory the moral element of the personality is called
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super ego
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the development of thoughts feelings and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their intereactions with other people
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moral development
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the ability to discern anothers inner psychological state is known
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perspective taking
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improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late chidhood is likely due to
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increased myelination of the central nervous system
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which of the following is most fatiguing to an elementary school child?
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sitting still for long periods of time
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which of the following has been linked to obesity in children
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All of the above
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what is the most common cause of death for the child in middle childhood
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motor vehicle accidents
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which type of cancer is most prevalent in children
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leukemia
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8 year old joshua is obese. His excess weight puts him at risk for all of the following
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Autism
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approximately % of children in the united states receive special education or related services
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10
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approximately % of children in the united states receive special education or related services
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10
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what does the research indicate about gender differences in learning disabilities
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boya are more likely to have a learning disability
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recent research suggests that is the most effective treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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medication and behavior management
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a second grader is in what stage of cognitive development
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concrete operations
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Jack is cutting up a pizza for himself and his little brother, Craig. He starts to cut it into 8 pieces but his brother says don’t cut it into so many pieces I cant eat that many. Craigs reaction is and Jacks reaction is
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Preoperational, concrete operational
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Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest, this ability is called
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seriation
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knowledge about memory is known as
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metamemory
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sally mental age is 12, but her chronological age is 9 her iq is
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133
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Although casey has scored poorly on standardized test, he has street smarts. He has
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practival
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How would an 8 year old child most likelyu describe himself or herself
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I am nice, and I have a friend named julie
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in terms of self understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than childern in early childhood
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compare themselves with their peers
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which of the following statements about perspective taking is not true
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in middle and late childhood, children show decrease in perspective taking
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self esteem is to self evaluation as self concept is to self evaluation
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global, domain specific
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Albert bandura called the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
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self efficacy
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The increased capacity for self regulation that is seen in middle and late childhood is linked to developmental advances in
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the prefrontal cortext in the brain
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Tieshas behavior is controlled by external rewards and punishments reflecting which level of lawrence kohlbergs theory of moral development
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preconventional reasoning
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a person is arerested for stealing company documanets and says yes I did steal the documents and im willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover up of the uunsafe properties of its chemical
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postconventional
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Boys are more aggressive, where as girls are more aggressive
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physically, verbally
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Jeff is independent flexible cheerful friendly asserrtive tactful sensitive and sympathic. He is
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androgynous
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Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child this process involves
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coregulation
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percen of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems
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25
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Elena has been rejected by most of her peers where as Diana is neglected by them. Which of the following would be expected
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elana will probably be more disruptive in school and at home than diana
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Child social cognitive skills will affect that childs social interactions because a child whose social cogniive knowledge is better developed will
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interpret ambiguous social situations more effectively
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Which theorist believed that adolesence is a time of storm and stress
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G. Stanley Hall
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Puberty refers to a period of
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rapid skeletal and sexual maturation during adolescence
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which of the following is true
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girls are just as tall as boys at the beginning of adolescent
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recent research has found that early maturing girls are more likely than late maturing girls to
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satisfied with their figures in highschool
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the thickens in adolescence and aloows for the adolescents improved ability to process information
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corpus callosum
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the ability to plan set priotiries suppress impulses and weigh consequences is weak in adolescence because the is the last part to mature
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prefrontal cortex
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Recent research by Collins and colleagues shows that watching more sexually explicit shows was linked with an increased likeihood of
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initiating sexual intercourse in the next 12 months.
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which of the follwing statements about oral sex furing adolescence is true
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for many adolescents oral sex is a recreational activity
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which of the follwing factors most common negative result of being unmarried adolescent mother
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the disruption in education and carreer development
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percent of teenage motor vehicle fatalities are attributed to alcohol
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50
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recent research on adolescence substance use has shown a correlations between the use of alcohol cigarettes and prescription drugs and
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family dinners
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During adolescene self esteem tends to
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decrease
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According to erik erikson the adolescent identity crisis
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a natural and healthly part of development
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according to james marici the term refers to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do
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commitment
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Researchers believe that adolescents who develop the most positive sense of identity are the ones who
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follow the MAMA
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which of the following statements about religion and adolesents has research shown to be true
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there has been a decline in religious interest
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Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because adolescents
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want autonomy, while parents want control
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Research shows that the adolescents who deal best with peer relationships are the ones who have attachment to their parents
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secure
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Adolescents who have no close friendships tend to
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experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self worth.
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investigators have found that conformity to peers peaks around which grade level
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8 to 9 grade
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In the united states the most widely recognized marker of enty into adulthood is
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holding a permanent, full time job
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College freshmen are most similar to highschool freshmen in that both
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are considered novices in their respective settings
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Binge drinking peaks at about
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21 to 22
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which gorup has the highest rate of obeisity
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low income women
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if you do not try to lose or gain weight your body tends to maintain fairly stable this is called
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ideal weighjt
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Studies of families consistently find a frequency of alcoholism in the first degree members
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high
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Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body immune system
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Aids
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Which of the follwing statements about sexual orientation is true
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it is acceptable today to view sexual orientation on a continuum
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which of the following are male rapists likely to share
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aggression ehances their sense of power
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the motive behind sexual harassment
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the desire for power over the victim
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piaget claim that adults are fully formal operational thinkers seems to be
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an inaccurate desription of many adults
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the main cognitive change between the fourth and fith stages of dvelopmenint is thinking
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abstract
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a recent trend in dual career families is
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that men assuming more of the household chores
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which of the following statements related to temperament and adult is ture
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children who had an easy temperament at ages 3 to 5 were likely to be well adjusted as young adults
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Jerome found that inhibition in childhood is associated with adult problems
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assertiveness
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secure attachment to parents during childhood
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secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood
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Reasearch studies linking early infant attachments with parents in romantic relationshisp
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securely attached infants usually become securely attached adults in romantice relationships, but association mayb be lessened due to stressful and disruptive experiences in childhood
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the matching hypotheesis says that we choose partners
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who are close to our level of physical attractiveness
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according to erik erkson, achieving means to be able to
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comfortably lose oneself in another person
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what is erik eriksons psychosocial crisis for the person in early adulthood
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intimacy versus isolation
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According to erikson if people do not develop intimacy they face
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isolation
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female friendships are more than male friendships where male are more
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intimate, competitive
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Sui lin turned to her friend Chuck for support what is chuck likely to do
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offering solutions to her conflict
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when all three parts of sternbergs theory of love are present
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consummate love
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Julia who has turned 30 never mairred she is likely to feel
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pressure from society to marry
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Rob and Alise have just moved in toether they can speand more time to get to know each other
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with 1 year they will no longer live together
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Since the early 1900s the goal of maintianing a stable marriage has
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been replaced by self fulfillment as the most important goal
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reasearch on womens health in unhappy marriages shows that they are at risk
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All of these
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all of the following are myths about gay and lesbian except
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they do not have long term relationships
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when couples divorce in the US they do so during which years
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fifth through tenth
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the number of years that will probably be lived by the average person
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life expectancy
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what is the average life expectancy
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78 years
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what accounts for gender differences in longevity
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both biological and lifestyle factors
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which of the following describes a biological component to the difference in life expectanies between men and women
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existence versus absence of an X chromosome
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each of the following explanations have been given to explain the longevity of persons living in okinawa
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the elderly maintaining fiercely independently lives
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the young old are people who ages falls in
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65 to 74
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according to the cellular clock theory of aging cells can divide a max of
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75 to 80 times
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the view that the oldest old are physically deteriorated, mentally disabled, sad, and unproductive.
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true of a minority of the oldest old
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prolonged elevated levels of stress related hormones have been associated with all of the following except
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asthma
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changes in the prefrontal cortex associated with aging are most likely to impace
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working memory and other cognitive activities
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Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and Gaba are being studied concerning aging
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Brain
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Because of decline in the functioning of the immune systems
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influenza
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what is the last stage Erikson
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integrity versus despair
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Erikson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as motivation to look back and evauate
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life review
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which theory explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals
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socioemotional selectivity
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the model of selective optimization with compensation is based on the idea that older adults fare better when they
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develop positve and creative coping straeties
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when it comes to helping elderly
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care, cure
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which factors appear to be greater poverty in old age
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sex and ethnicity
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cohabitation increasing among
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older adults
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who is most likely to caregiver for Mrs. Downes
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Her daughter
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