Lecture 70 "female Reproductive Endocrinology"

Front 1

synthesis and release of FSH and LH is regulated by

Back 1

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Front 2

GnRH is secreted by (2)

Back 2

arcuate nucleus

preoptic area

Front 3

GnRH --> FSH & LH signaling pathway

Back 3

IP3/DAG

Front 4

LH binds to receptors on _____ which results in the biosynthesis of _____ and ____

Back 4

ovarian theca cells

progestins

androgens

Front 5

granulosa cells convert ______ to _______

Back 5

androgens

estrogens

(granulosa cells posses aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogen)

Front 6

FSH binds to receptors on _____ which results in the synthesis of _____, ____ and _____

Back 6

basolateral membrane of granulosa cells

aromatase

activins

inhibins

Front 7

activins and inhibins act on

Back 7

anterior pituitary (only)

Front 8

estrogens and progestins act on

Back 8

anterior pituitary

hypothalamic neurons

Front 9

beginning of menstrual cycle is called

Back 9

menarche (10-16.5 y.o.)

Front 10

beginning of breast development is called

Back 10

thelarche (8-18 y.o.)

Front 11

increased secretion of adrenal androgens is called

Back 11

adrenarche (11-14 y.o.)

Front 12

the _____ is the site of fertilization

Back 12

ampulla of the fallopian tube (oviduct)

Front 13

growth and maturation of a primordial follicle is stimulated by

Back 13

FSH

Front 14

Graffian follicles produce ______ and rupture to release a(n) _____

Back 14

estradiol (estrogen)

oocyte

Front 15

positive feedback due to the release of estradiol from Graffian follicles results in

Back 15

LH surge

Front 16

corpus luteum produces

Back 16

progesterone

Front 17

atresia of the corpus luteum results in the formation of the

Back 17

corpus albicans

Front 18

during puberty, GnRH secretion becomes ______ and feedback inhibition of anterior pituitary gonadotrophs by circulating estrogens ______

Back 18

pulsatile

decreases

Front 19

day and night LH levels:

*childhood
*puberty
*reproductive years
*menopause

Back 19

*childhood: low and non-pulsatile during day and night
*puberty: low during day and high and pulsatile at night
*reproductive years: high and pulsatile during day and night
*menopause: very high and pulsatile during day and night

Front 20

___ and ____ levels cycle during reproductive years

Back 20

LH and FSH

Front 21

____ and ____ levels increase to very high levels and then plateau during menopause

Back 21

LH and FSH

Front 22

T/F negative feedback of estrogens on gonadotropin (LH and FSH) release increases with age

Back 22

False (negative feedback of estrogens on gonadotropin release is very high during childhood and decreases with increasing age)

child - low levels of estrogens block release of LH and FSH

adult - very high levels of estrogens are needed to block the release of LH and FSH

Front 23

T/F LH and FSH levels peak in the fetus and during infancy before become very low during childhood

Back 23

True

Front 24

stages of the ovarian cycle (3)

Back 24

follicular phase (days 0-14)

ovulation (day 14)

luteal phase (days 14-28)

Front 25

stages of the endometrial cycle (3)

Back 25

menses (days 0-4)

proliferative phase (days 4-14)

secretory phase (days 14-28)

Front 26

days during menstrual cycle in which an oocyte can be fertilized in the ampulla of the fallopian tube

Back 26

days 14-18

Front 27

estradiol and progesterone profiles during menstrual cycle

Back 27

lowest at day 0

increase rapidly at days 12-14 due to decrease in FSH

increase dramatically during days 16-22 (FSH decrease) and then fall back to day 0 levels

Front 28

LH profile during menstrual cycle

Back 28

low until surge at day 14 due to positive feedback by estradiol and progesterone

Front 29

FSH profile during menstrual cycle

Back 29

high at day 0

decreases until day 12 (allows estradiol and progesterone to increase due to lack of FSH negative feedback)

spikes at day 14 and then decreases until day 26 when it again rises to starting high level

Front 30

LH and FSH surge is due to

Back 30

high levels of circulating estrogens (estradiol and progesterone) during the late follicular phase (day 12) sensitizing the anterior pituitary gonadotrophs to stimulation by GnRH

Front 31

LH surge induces

Back 31

rupture of Graffian follicle and lease of an oocyte = ovulation

Front 32

ovulation is marked by an increase in

Back 32

basal body temperature of 1 degree F

(temperature increases as progesterone levels increase)

Front 33

buildup of the endometrium is known as the _____ phase and is stimulated by _____ early and ____ late

Back 33

proliferative phase

estradiol (early) and progesterone (late)

Front 34

the maintenance of the endometrium is known as the _____ phase and is marked by an increase in ______

Back 34

secretory

progesterone (by the corpus luteum)

Front 35

ovarian steroids (estrogen and progesterone) are synthesized from cholesterol in the ____ and ____ cells

Back 35

theca

granulosa

Front 36

granulosa cells are stimulated by

Back 36

FSH

Front 37

theca cells are stimulated by

Back 37

LH

Front 38

aromatase is located in the ____ cells

Back 38

granulosa

(only granulosa cells have aromatase, therefore androgens are imported into the granulosa cells where they are converted to estradiol)

Front 39

aromatase converts ______ into _____

Back 39

androgens

estrogens (estradiol)

Front 40

during the follicular phase _____ is the major steroid hormone present

Back 40

estradiol

Front 41

during the luteal phase _____ is the major steroid hormone present

Back 41

progesterone

Front 42

T/F theca-lutein and granulosa-lutein cells can produce progesterone

Back 42

True

(only theca cells can produce androgens from progesterone and only granulosa cells can produce estrogens from androgens)

Front 43

T/F granulosa cells lack the enzyme that converts progesterone into androgens (testosterone)

Back 43

True (progesterone is imported into the thecal cells where it is converted into androgens, e.g., testosterone)