Lecture 15 - Blood

Front 1

review
what are the 4 types of tissue

Back 1

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle

Front 2

Review
what are the 4 types of connective tissue

Back 2

Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

Front 3

what is the common origin for all connective tissues?

Back 3

Mesenchyme - Mesoderm

Front 4

what are the __ functions of blood

Back 4

3
trasnportatoin
regulation
protection

Front 5

what does blood transport

Back 5

Oxygen and carbon dioxide – RBCs
Nutrients, hormones, and waste products - Plasma

Front 6

what does blood regulate

Back 6

Absorbs heat and distributes throughout the body - Plasma
Regulates body pH and fluid levels

Front 7

how does blood help with protection

Back 7

Protects from infection - WBCs
Transports infection-fighting antibodies - Plasma
Forms blood clots - Platelets

Front 8

what percentage of whole blood is plasma

Back 8

55

Front 9

what percentage of whole blood is formed elements

Back 9

45

Front 10

what percentage of whole blood is erythrocytes

Back 10

44

Front 11

what is the buffy coat

Back 11

leukocytes and platelets - 1% of whole blood

Front 12

what is the hematocrit

Back 12

percentage of blood volume made of red blood cells

Front 13

what are the typical hematocrit values for males and femals

Back 13

male 42-56%
female 38-46%
varies with hormone change and altitude

Front 14

what is blood doping

Back 14

Athlete donates RBCs to himself
A unit of blood is removed and stored
Body replaces this lost blood
Unit of blood is injected back into body, increasing the hematocrit
Blood doping can also be done with EPO
EPO (Erythropoietin) increases RBC production
Thought to favorably affect muscle performance
Dangerous because of increased blood viscosity

Front 15

what are the __ types of leukocytes

Back 15

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes

Front 16

what percentage of plasma is wather

Back 16

92

Front 17

what is plasma made up of

Back 17

water
proteins
other solutes
electolytes
nutrients
respiratory gases
waste products

Front 18

what percentage of plasma is proteins

Back 18

7

Front 19

what are some of the plasma proteins

Back 19

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
regulatory proteins

Front 20

what is hematopoiesis

Back 20

Hemopoiesis is the production of formed elements
Erythropoiesis, Thrombopoiesis, Leukopoiesis

Front 21

where does hematopoiesis occur

Back 21

red bone marrow

Front 22

what controls RBC production

Back 22

Erythropeitin made by the kidne

Front 23

what is blood stem cell called

Back 23

hemocytoblast

Front 24

at what stage of erythropoiesis is the nucleas ejected

Back 24

normoblast

Front 25

what does the megakaryocyte have to do with platelets

Back 25

platelets are pieces of broken down megakaryocyte

Front 26

what are the characteristics of RBCS

Back 26

No nucleus or organelles

Biconcave discs
Allows gases to be loaded and unloaded efficiently

Filled with hemoglobin
Transports O2 and CO2

RBCs line up in single file as they pass through small vessels

Front 27

what is the life span of an erythrocyte

Back 27

120 days

Front 28

where are RBCs broken down

Back 28

Spleen and liver

Front 29

how are blood types identified

Back 29

surface antigens

Front 30

which type of antigen does type a blood have

Back 30

antigen a

Front 31

which type of antibodies does type a blood have

Back 31

anti-b antibodies

Front 32

which type of antigen does type b blood have

Back 32

antigen b

Front 33

which type of antibodies does type b blood have

Back 33

anti a antibodies

Front 34

which type of antigens does type ab blood have

Back 34

a and b antigens

Front 35

which type of antibodies does type ab blood have

Back 35

neither

Front 36

what type of antigens does type o blood have

Back 36

none

Front 37

what type of antibodies does type o blood have

Back 37

both anti-a and anti-b antibodies

Front 38

which antigen does rh positive blood have

Back 38

antigen D

Front 39

which antibodies does rh positive blood have in the plasma

Back 39

an anti-d antibodies

Front 40

which antigen does rh negative blood have

Back 40

no antigen d

Front 41

does rh negative blood have anti-d anitbodies

Back 41

yes only after prior exposure

Front 42

what are the concerns with Rh factors

Back 42

Rh- individual does not develop antibodies unless they are exposed to Rh+ blood
-Birth or injury of Rh+ baby can sensitize Rh- woman against future Rh+ babies
-RhoGAM shot prevents the Rh- mother from rejecting future Rh+ babies

Front 43

how do they make sure that a blood transfusion will be successful

Back 43

agglutination test

Front 44

what is polycythemia

Back 44

Too many erythrocytes in the blood
Increases viscosity of blood, placing strain on the heart

Front 45

what is anemia

Back 45

Too few RBCs leads to low O2 levels

Front 46

iron deficiency anemia

Back 46

lack of iron diet or chronic loos loss

Front 47

sickle cell disease

Back 47

Genetic disease
RBC is sickle-shaped
Hemolysis

Front 48

what are the characteristics of leukocytes

Back 48

Larger than erythrocytes
Contain nucleus and organelles
Initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens

Front 49

how do WBC leave the bloodstream and enter tissues

Back 49

diapedesis

Front 50

how are WBCs attracted to sire of an infection?

Back 50

chemotaxis

Front 51

what is chemotaxis

Back 51

damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens put out chemotaxins that attract WBCs

Front 52

what are the __ granulocytes

Back 52

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

Front 53

what do neutorphils do

Back 53

Phagocytizes pathogens

Front 54

what do eosinophils do

Back 54

Destroys parasites
-Important in allergies

Front 55

what do basophils do

Back 55

Releases histamine and heparin during inflammation and allergic reactions

Front 56

what are the __ agranulocytes

Back 56

2
lymphocytes
monocytes

Front 57

what are the characteristics of lymphocytes

Back 57

Resides in lymphatic tissue
-Coordinates immune response
-T cells and B cells

Front 58

what are the characteristics of moncytes

Back 58

-Exits bloodstream, becomes a macrophage
-Phagocytizes pathogens and debris

Front 59

what is the normal range for WBC

Back 59

5,000-10,000 per microliter of blood

Front 60

leukocytosis

Back 60

high WBC count due to infection, inflammation or extreme stress

Front 61

leukopenia

Back 61

low wbc count due to certain types of viral or bacterial infections

Front 62

what is leukemia

Back 62

-Cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells
-Proliferation of abnormal leukocytes
-Cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of erythrocytes and thrombocytes (Causes anemia and bleeding)

Front 63

what are the characteristics of thrombocytes(platelets)

Back 63

Cell-fragments of megakaryocytes

Front 64

how long to platelets live

Back 64

8-10 days

Front 65

what are the characteristics of blood clots

Back 65

Fibrin (from fibrinogen)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Trapped erythrocytes

Front 66

what is thrombocytopenia

Back 66

Low platelet count

Front 67

what are the cause of thrombocytopenia

Back 67

damage to bone marrow
chemotherapy
leukemia
overactive spleen

Front 68

what is hempphilia

Back 68

lack of clotting factors in plasma
usually acquired genetically