Learning - 3 - Classical Conditioning Foundations

Front 1

backward conditioning

Back 1

a procedure in which the CS is presented after the US on each trial.

Front 2

summation test
(compound-stimulus test)

Back 2

a test procedure that identifies a stimulus as a conditioned inhibitor if that stimulus reduces responding elicited by a conditioned excitatory stimulus.
נשתמש בזה כדי לבדוק אם גירוי הוא אינהיביטורי כשאי אפשר למדוד את התגובות בצורה ישירה, למשל בתגובת עפעף בארנבות כי הם בדרך כלל בקושי ממצמצים... צריך לקבוע איזשהו baseline ולהשוות.

Front 3

conditional response
(CR)

Back 3

the response that comes to be made to the CS as a result of classical conditioning (eg. drooling to sound).

Front 4

conditional stimulus
(CS)

Back 4

a stimulus that does not elicit a particular response initially but comes to do so as a result of becoming associated with a US (eg. sound).

Front 5

conditioned suppression
(conditioned emotional response - CER)
דיכוי מותנה

Back 5

suppression of positively reinforced instrumental behavior caused by the presentation of a stimulus that has become associated with an aversive stimulus.
suppression ratio = A/(A+B)
0 - full suppression, A=0
0..5 - no suppression, A=B

Front 6

conditioning trial

Back 6

a training episode involving presentation of a CS with (or without) an US.

Front 7

differential inhibition
(stimulus discrimination procedure)

Back 7

a classical conditioning procedure in which one stimulus (CS+) is paired with the US on some trials and another stimulus (CS-) is presented without the US on other trials. as a result the CS+ comes to elicit a CR and the CS- comes to inhibit the CR.
mixed trials:
CS+/US
CS-

Front 8

explicitly unpaired control

Back 8

a procedure in which both CS and US are presented but with sufficient time between them so that they do not become associated with each other.

Front 9

extinction
הכחדה

Back 9

reduction of a learned response that occurs because the CS is no longer paired with the US.
the procedure of repeatedly presenting a CS without the US.
הכחדה יעילה - צעדים צפופים וסשנים צפופים. - massed trials, short ITI.
הכחדה יכולה להתבצע רק על גירויים שהתבצעה עליהם רכישה.

Front 10

forgetting

Back 10

a reduction of a learned response that occurs because of the passage of time, not because of particular experiences.

Front 11

inhibition of delay

Back 11

progressive increase in the latency of the CR that occurs with extended training with a long delay conditioning procedure.

Front 12

inhibitory conditioning

Back 12

a type of classical conditioning in which the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US.

Front 13

interstimulus interval
(CS-US interval)

Back 13

the amount of time that elapses between presentations of the CS and the US during a trial.

Front 14

intertrial interval

Back 14

the amount of time that elapses between two successive trials.

Front 15

latency

Back 15

the time elapsed between a stimulus (or the start of a trial) and the response that is made to the stimulus.

Front 16

magnitude of response

Back 16

a measure of the size, vigor or extent of a response.

Front 17

object learning

Back 17

learning associations between different stimulus elements of an object (eg. taste and visual property of food).

Front 18

probability of a response

Back 18

the likelihood of making the response, usually represented in terms of the percentage of trials on which the response occurs.

Front 19

pseudoconditioning

Back 19

increased responding that may occur to a stimulus whose presentations are intermixed with presentations of a US in the absence of the establishment of an association between the stimulus and the US.

Front 20

random control

Back 20

a procedure in which the CS and US are presented at random times with respect to each other.

Front 21

retardation of acquisition test

Back 21

a test procedure that identifies a stimulus as a conditioned inhibitor if that stimulus is slower to acquire excitatory properties than a comparison stimulus.

Front 22

short delayed conditioning

Back 22

a procedure in which the CS is initiated shortly before the US on each conditioning trial.

Front 23

sign tracking
(autoshaping)

Back 23

movement toward and possibly contact with a stimulus that signals the availability of a positive reinforcer such as food.

Front 24

simultaneous conditioning

Back 24

a procedure in which the CS and the US are presented simultaneously on each conditioning trial.

Front 25

test trial

Back 25

a trial in which the CS is presented without the US. this allows measurement of the CR in the absence of the UR.

Front 26

trace conditioning

Back 26

a procedure in which the US is presented after the CS has been terminated for a short period.

Front 27

trace interval

Back 27

the interval between the end of the CS and the start of the US in trace conditioning trials.

Front 28

unconditional response
(UR)

Back 28

a response that occurs to a stimulus without the necessity of prior training (eg. drooling to food).

Front 29

unconditional stimulus
(US)

Back 29

a stimulus that elicits a particular response without the necessity of prior training (eg. food).

Front 30

acquisition
רכישה

Back 30

למידה של תגובה חדשה.
רכישה יעילה - צעדים מרווחים, spaced trials, long ITI.

Front 31

חלוקת גירויים לפי משמעות מוטיבציונית

Back 31

אפטיטיבי / אברסיבי

Front 32

Konorski

Back 32

תיאר מערכת שלמה של העולם שלנו, לפי 2 הנחות:
1 - יש לנו central motivational state אברסיבי ואפטיטיבי. גירוי יכול לחזק התנהגות מסוימת אם יש לו איכות מוטיבציונית. הגירוי רוכש יכולת לעורר התנהגות ולעורר תגובה מוטיבציונית - conditioned emotional response. ואז אפשר להשתמש בו להתניה מסדר גבוה.
2 - לשני המצבים המוטיבציוניים יש השפעה מעכבת אחד על השני:
counterconditioning, conditioned suppression, sidman avoidance + CS, השפעות הפוכות של גירויים אברסיביים ואפטיטיביים.

Front 33

אפקט התקרה

Back 33

אם החיה ממש צמאה, היא תלקק את המים הכי מהר שהיא יכולה ואז הצגת גירוי אפטטיבי לא תגרום להעלאת קצב הליקוק.

Front 34

disinhibition

Back 34

תופעה נצפית בהכחדה. מציגים עוד גירוי שהוא לא הגירוי המותנה ורואים עלייה ב-CR.

Front 35

latent inhibition
עכבה סמויה

Back 35

מציגים גירוי בלי חיזוק ובלי שיש ציפייה לחיזוק.
שלב 1 - חשיפה לגירוי נטרלי A
שלב 2 - מנסים להכניס את A להתניה עם US.
יקח יותר זמן להכניס להתניה, כי בשלב הראשון החיה למדה שהגירוי הזה לא חשוב (לא למדה שהוא אינהיביטורי).

Front 36

long delayed conditioning

Back 36

like short delayed conditioning only the CS is very long and so the US appears after 5-10 minutes, but still before the CS disappears.