Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Arthrology |
The study of joints |
|
|
Kinesiology |
The study of musculoskeletal movement |
|
|
Classification |
By the joint's freedom of movement - Diathrosis, amphiarthrosis, synarthrosis By the way adjacent bones are joined - Bony, Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
|
|
Synarthrosis/Synarthrotic |
2 bones, once separated, fused by osseous tissue |
|
|
Fibrous Joint |
*Synarthrosis* Collagen fibers span the space between bones Types: sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses All synarthrotic |
|
|
Sutures |
Serrated: Interlocking wavy lines *coronal, sagittal, lambdoid Lap (squamous): overlapping beveled edges * Temporal and pareital bones (squamous suture) Plane (butt): straight, nonoverlapping edge *intermaxillary suture |
|
|
Gomphoses |
Attchment of a tooth to its socket * tooth held in place by fibrous peridontal ligament |
|
|
Syndesmosis |
Most movable of fibrous joints * between radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula |
|
|
Cartilaginous joint |
2 bones are linked by cartilage Types: synchondrosis, sympheses All amphiarthrotic |
|
|
Diathrosis |
freely movable |
|
|
Amphiarthrosis |
Slightly movable |
|
|
Synarthrosis |
little or no movement |
|
|
Synchondrosis |
Bones bound by hyaline cartilage - Tempory joint in the epiphysial plate in children - First rib attachment to sternum |
|
|
Symphysis |
"growing together" Two bones joined by fibrocartilage * pubic symphysis * bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral disks |
|
|
Synovial Joint |
Joint in which two bones are separated by space called a joint cavity -Most structurally complex type of joint - Contains articular cartilage, joint cavity, synovial, and joint capsule |
|
|
Articular cartilage of Synovial Joint |
Hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of bone |
|
|
Joint (articular) cavity of Synovial Joint |
Separates articular surfaces |
|
|
Synovialof Synovial Joint |
Slippery Lubricant -Rich in albumin and Hyaluronic acid - Nourishes articular cartilage & removes waste - Makes movement most friction free |
|
|
Joint (articular) capsuleof Synovial Joint |
Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains synovial fluid -Outer fibrous capsule: continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones -Inner, cellular, synovial membrane: contains fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris |
|
|
Fibrocartilage |
Grows inward from the joint capsule in a few synovial joints |
|
|
Articular Disc |
Forms a pad between articulating bones that crosses the entire joint capsule |
|
|
Meniscus |
In the knee, two cartilages extend inward but do not entirely cross the joint - absorb shock and pressure - guide bones across each other - Improve the fit between bones - stabalize the joints, reducing the chance of delocation |
|
|
Tendons |
Strip or sheet of tough, dense-regular colllagenous CT that attaches muscle to bone |
|
|
Ligaments |
Attaches bone to bone |
|
|
Bursa |
A fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone or between bone and skin |
|
|
Tendon Sheaths |
elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around tendon |
|
|
Exercise |
- Warms synovial fluid - Warm-up period before vigorous exercise helps protect cartilage from undue wear and tear |
|
|
Craniosynostosis |
Premature closure of one or more of the skull sutures |
|
|
Axes of Rotation |
Monoaxial joint, Biaxial Joint, multiaxial joint |
|
|
Monoaxial joint |
Joint has one degree of freedom or axis or rotation |
|
|
Biaxial |
Joint has 2 degrees of freedom or axes of rotation |
|
|
Multiaxial Joint |
Joint has three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation |
|
|
Ball and Socket Joints |
Smoothe hemispherical head fits within a cup-like socket - Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint - Hip joint onlymultiaxial joints in the body |
|
|
Condyloid Joint |
Ellipsoid joint Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a complementary shape depression on the other - radiocarpal joint - metacarpophalangeal joint Biaxial |
|
|
Saddle joint |
Both bones have an articular surface that is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction, convex in the other - Trapeziometacarpal joint (base of thumb - Sternoclavicular joint Biaxial |
|
|
Plane Joint |
Gliding Joint Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other with relatively limited movement - intercarple - intertarsal - articular process of the vertebrae Usually biaxial |
|
|
Hinge Joint |
One bone with convex surface fits into another concave depression on other bone - humeroulnar - tibiofemoral - interphalangeal monoaxial |
|
|
Pivot Joint |
One bone has a projection that is held in place by a ring- like ligament on another bone - atlantoaxial - proximal radioulnar joint monoaxial |
|
|
Range of motion |
Degrees a joint can move - measured by gonimeter Determined by: structure of articular surfaces, stength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules, action of the muscles and tendons |
|
|
Zero position |
the position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position |
|
|
Flexion |
movement that decreases joint angle |
|
|
Extension |
movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position |
|
|
Hyperextension |
Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position |
|
|
Abduction |
Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body |
|
|
Hyperabduction |
raise arms over back or front of head |
|
|
Adduction |
Movement in the frontal plane toward the midline |
|
|
Hyperadduction |
Crossing fingers, crossing ankles |
|
|
Elevation |
a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane |
|
|
Depression |
Lowers a body part in the same plane |
|
|
Protration |
Anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane |
|
|
Retraction |
Posterior movement |
|
|
Circumduction |
One end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion *sequence of flexion abduction, extension, and adduction |
|
|
Rotation |
movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis |
|
|
Medial rotation |
internal rotation Turns the bone inward |
|
|
Lateral Rotation |
turns he bone outward |
|
|
Supination |
Forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward *radius parallel to ulna |
|
|
Pronation |
Forearm movement turns he palm face posteriorly or downward * radius crosses stationary ulna |
|
|
Sprain |
Ligaments are stretched or torn heal slowly -- poorly vascularized completely torn-- surgery or replacement |
|
|
Cartilage injuries |
Remain torn due to avascularization |
|
|
Disclocaion |
*luxation Bones are forced out of alignment Must be reduces (returned to normal position) |
|
|
Knee Injuries |
Highly vulnerable to rotational and horizontal stress Most common injuries to the Meniscus & Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Heal slowly |
|
|
Bursitis |
Inflammation of bursa -usually caused by a blow or friction |
|
|
Tendonitis |
Inflamation of tendon sheaths |
|
|
Arthritis |
Broad term for pain & inflammation of the joints *Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Gouty Arthritis Rheumatologist: physician who treats arthritis and other joint disorders |
|
|
Osteoarthriis |
Most common form of arthritis - 'wear-and-tear arthritis' - Articular cartilage softens and degenerates, accompanied by crepitus (crackling sound) - bone spurs develop on exposed bone -rarely occurs before age 40 - obesity is a risk factor |
|
|
Rheummatoid arthritis |
Autoimmune attack against the joint tissue -ankylosis (solidly fused, immobilized joint) is caused |
|
|
Gouty Arthritis |
Hereditary Disease - more common in men - metabolic disorder: excess uric acid build-up |
|
|
Arthroplasty |
the replacement of diseased joint with artificial device (prosthesis) |
|
|
Tempromandibular Joint |
articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the madibular fossa of the temporal bone |
|
|
TMJ syndrome |
Caused by combination of psychological tension and malocclusion (misalignment of teeth - Causes vertigo & tenitis (ear ringing) |
|
|
Glenohumeral joint |
the most freely movable joint in the body - supported by biceps brachii tendon anteriorally also the rotator cuff tendons - 5 principal ligaments support shoulder - 4 bursa occur at the shoulder Luxation in children because it's not fully ossified & rotator cuff is not strong enough to withstand stress |
|
|
Elbow Joint |
2 articulations: humeroulnar joint and humeroradius joint |
|
|
Coxal Joint |
Bears much more weight, have deeper sockets, more stable than shoulder - Contains Acetabular labrum and fovea capitis |
|
|
Acetabular labrum |
-Horseshoe- shaped ring of fibrocartilage that depends socket |
|
|
Fovea capitis |
pit on the head of femur |
|
|
Knee Joint |
Primarily a hinge joint joint cavity contains 2 C-shaped cartilages (lateral and medial meniscus) Joined by transverse ligament anterior and posterior cruciate ligament (ACL & PCL) |
|
|
Talocrural joint |
includes medial and lateral joint (tibia/talus/fibula) 4 major ligaments -Calcaneal (achilles) tendon: extends from the calf muscle to the calcaneus |
