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75 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

joint

A point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth. Also called an articulation or arthrosis.

articulation
A joint; a point of contact between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones.
arthrosis
A joint or articulation.

arthrology

The study of description of joints.

Kinesiology

The study of the movement of the body parts.

Fibrous joints

A joint that allows little or no movement, such as a suture, syndesmosis, or interosseous membrane.

Cartilaginous joints

A joint without a synovial (joint) cavity where the articulating bones are held tightly together by cartilage, allowing little or no movement.

Synovial joints

A fully movable or diarthrotic joint in which a synovial (joint) cavity is present between the two articulating bones.

Synarthrosis

An immovable joint such as a suture, gomphosis, or synchondrosis

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint, in which the articulating bony surfaces are separated by fibrous connective tissue or fibrocartilage to which both are attached; types are syndesmosis and symphysis.

Diarthrosis

A freely moveable joint; types are plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket

suture

An immovable fibrous joint that joins skull bones.

synostosis

A joint in which the dense fibrous connective tissue that unites bone, resulting in a complete fusion across the suture line.

syndesmosis

A slightly movable joint in which articulating bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.

gomphosis

A fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket.

synchondrosis

A cartilaginous joint in which articulating bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.

symphysis

A line of union. A slightly movable cartilaginous joint such as the pubic symphysis.

synovial cavity

The space between the articulating bones of a synovial joint, filled with synovial fluid. Also called a joint cavity.

articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces.

ligaments

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Synovial membrane

The deeper of the two layers of the articular capsule of a synovial joint, composed of areolar connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid into the synovial (joint) cavity.

synovial fluid

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage.

articular discs (menisci)

Fibrocartilage pad between articular surfaces of bones of some synovial joints. Also called meniscus.

bursae

 


Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid


 


 


Located between tendons, ligaments and bones


 


 


Cushion the movement of these body parts


 


 


 


 

Tendon sheaths

 


Wrap around tendons


 


 


 


Reduce friction at joints


 


 

Gliding

 


Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side



 


There is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones


 


Limited in range


 


Intercarpal joints











angular movements

 


Increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones



 


Angular movements include


 


Flexion


 


Hyperextension


 


 


 


Abduction


 


 


Adduction


 


Circumduction


 


 


 


 


 


 


Lateral flexion


 


 


 


Extension


 


 


 


 

flexion

Movement in which there is a decrease in the angle between two bones.

extension

An increase in an angle between two bones; restoring a body part to its anatomical position after flexion.

lateral flexion

 


Movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist


hyperextension
Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position, as in bending the head backward.
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body.

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body.

Circumduction

A movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of a bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable.

rotation

Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement.

Special movements
 
Elevation
 
Depression
 
Protraction
 
Retraction
 
Inversion
 
Eversion
 
Dorsiflexion
 
Plantar flexion
 
Supination
 
Pronation
 
Opposition

Elevation

Movement in which a part of the body moves superiorly.

Depression

Movement in which a part of the body moves inferiorly.

Protraction

The movement of the mandible or shoulder girdle forward on a plane parallel with the ground.

Retraction

The movement of a protracted part of the body posteriorly on a plane parallel to the ground, as in pulling the lower jaw back in line with upper jaw.

Inversion

The movement of the sole medially at the ankle joint.

Eversion

The movement of the sole laterally at the ankle joint or of an atrioventricular valve into an atrium during ventricular contraction.

Dorsiflexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (upper surface)

Plantar flexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole).

Supination

A movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly.

Pronation

A movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned posteriorly

Opposition

Movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand.

plane joint

Joint in which the articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved that permits back-and-forth and side-to-side movement and rotation between the flat surfaces.

hinge joint

A synovial joint in which a convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone, such as the elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints. Also called ginglymus joint.

pivot joint

A synovial joint in which a rounded, pointed, or conical surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament, as in the joint between the atlas and axis and between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna. Also called a trochoid.

condyloid joint

A synovial joint structured so that an oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone, permitting side-to-side and back-and-forth movements. Such as joint at the wrist between the radius and carpals. Also called an ellipsoidal joint.

saddle joint

A synovial joint in which the articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone is shaped like the legs of the rider sitting in the saddle, as in the joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb.

ball-and-socket joint

A synovial joint in which the rounded surface of one bone moves within a cup shaped depression or socket of another bone, as in the shoulder or hip joint. Also called a spheroid joint.

Structure or shape of the articulating bones

 


Shape of bones determines how closely they fit together


 


 

Strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments.

 


Ligaments are tense when the joint is in certain positions


 


 


 


Tense ligaments restrict the range of motion


 


 

Arrangements and tensions of the muscles

 


Muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments , and thus restricts movement


Contact of soft parts

 


The point at which one body surface contacts another may limit mobility



 


Movement be restricted by the presence of adipose tissue


Hormones

A secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells of the body.


Disuse

 


Movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period


temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

 


Combined hinge and planar joint formed by the mandible and the temporal bone



 


Only movable joint between skull bones


 


Only the mandible moves



Articular disc (meniscus)

Fibrocartilage pad between articular surfaces of bones of some synovial joints.

Articular capsule

Sleevelike structure around a synovial joint composed of a fibrous capsule and a synovial membrane. Also called a capsule.

shoulder joint

A synovial joint where the humerous articulates with the scapula.

elbow joint

 


Hinge joint formed by the humerus, the ulna, and the radius


hip joint

 


Ball-and-socket joint formed by the femur and the hip bone


Knee joint

 


Largest and most complex joint of the body



 


Modified hinge joint



Articular capsule

 


A sleeve-like capsule encloses the synovial cavity




The articular capsule is composed of two layers


an outer fibrous capsule


 


an inner synovial membrane


 


 

arthroplasty

 


Joints may be replaced surgically with artificial joints



 


Most commonly replaced are the hips, knees, and shoulders


Partial hip replacements

involve only the femur



 


Total hip replacements

involve both the acetabulum and head of the femur

Knee replacements

 


Actually a resurfacing of cartilage and may be partial or total



 


Potential complications of arthroplasty include infection, blood clots, loosening or dislocation of the replacement components, and nerve injury



 


Pubic symphysis

 


Between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones



Intervertebral joints between the vertebrae


 
Accessory Ligaments and Articular Discs
 
Collateral ligaments of the knee joint

 
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee joint

 
Menisci
 
Pads of cartilage lie between the articular surfaces of the bones
 
Allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly
 
 

 
 

 


Nerve and Blood Supply

 


Nerve endings convey information about pain from the joint to the spinal cord and brain



 


Nerve endings respond to the degree of movement and stretch at a joint


 


Arterial branches from several different arteries merge around a joint before penetrating the articular capsule





 


Aging

 


May result in decreased production of synovial fluid



 


The articular cartilage becomes thinner


 


Ligaments shorten and lose some of their flexibility


 


Osteoarthritis is partially ___ -related


 


Stretching and aerobic exercises are helpful in minimizing the effects