Hand Joints

Front 1

fingers

Back 1

• index (2nd)
• middle/long (3rd)
• ring (4th)
• little (5th)
  

Front 2

carpometacarpal (CMC) joints

Back 2

nonaxial joints which allow linear movements

(5th CMC joint is most mobile; 2nd CMC joint is least mobile)

Front 3

metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints

"knuckles"

Back 3

biaxial, condyloid joints that allow flexion & extension and abduction & adduction (the middle finger is the point of reference, it only abducts)

Front 4

proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints
distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints

Back 4

uniaxial, hinge joints that allow flexion & extension

Front 5

thumb (pollicis) CMC joint

Back 5

formed by the articulation of the trapezium & the 1st metacarpal (saddle-shaped)

Front 6

thumb (pollicis) MCP joint

Back 6

Front 7

thumb (pollicis) IP joint

Back 7

Front 8

osteokinematics: fingers

Back 8

• IP joints of the fingers have one degree of freedom
• MCP joints of the fingers have two degrees of freedom

Front 9

osteokinematics: the thumb

Back 9

• CMC joint has two degrees of freedom
  
• MCP joint has one degree of freedom
• IP joint has one degree of freedom
  

Front 10

osteokinematics: CMC joint of the thumb

Back 10

• flexion & extension occur in the frontal plane
  
• abduction & adduction occur in the sagittal plane
• opposition & reposition occur in multi-planes
  

Front 11

close-packed: finger MCP

Back 11

full flexion

Front 12

close-packed: finger IP

Back 12

full extension

Front 13

open-packed: finger MCP

Back 13

slight flexion

Front 14

open-packed: finger IP

Back 14

slight flexion

Front 15

capsular pattern: finger MCP & IP joints

Back 15

equal limitation of flexion & extension

Front 16

capsular pattern: thumb CMC joint

Back 16

limitation of abduction

Front 17

capsular pattern: thumb MCP joint

Back 17

limitation of flexion & then extension

Front 18

capsular pattern: thumb IP joint

Back 18

equal limitation of flexion & extension

Front 19

arthrokinematics: fingers

Back 19

the CONCAVE surfaces of the finger proximal, middle, & distal phlanges glide/slide in the SAME direction as the diaphysis of the bones

Front 20

arthrokinematics: thumb

Back 20

the CONCAVE surfaces of the thumb proximal & distal phalanx glides/slides in the SAME direction as the diaphysis of the bone

Front 21

arthrokinematics: CMC joint of the thumb during flexion & extension

Back 21

the CONCAVE surface of the 1st metacarpal glides/slides in the SAME direction as the diaphysis of the bone

Front 22

arthrokinematics: CMC joints of the thumb during abduction & adduction

Back 22

the CONVEX surface of the 1st metacarpal glides/slides in the OPPOSITE direction as the diaphysis of the bone

Front 23

base of the metacarpals & phalanges

Back 23

proximal end

Front 24

head of the metacarpals & phalanges

Back 24

distal end

Front 25

flexor retinaculum ligament

Back 25

superficial to palmar radiocarpal ligament

Front 26

palmar carpal ligament

Back 26

holds the flexor tendons close to the wrist

Front 27

extensor retinaculum ligament

Back 27

holds the extensor tendons close to the wrist

Front 28

extensor expansion ligament (extensor hood)

Back 28

• triangle-shaped aponeurosis on the posterior & lateral sides of the proximal phalanx of the fingers
  
• extensor digitorum, lumbricales, & interossei muscles form an attachment to the middle &/or distal phalanx by way of this ligament
  

Front 29

arches

Back 29

• contribute to the function of various types of grasps
  
• proximal arch is maintained at the proximal end of the metacarpals by the flexor retinaculum
• distal arch is maintained at the metacarpal heads
  
• longitudinal arch is maintained from the wrist to the metacarpal & phalanges for each digit
  

Front 30

anatomical snuffbox

Back 30

APL & EPB forms the anterior border, & the EPL forms the posterior border

Front 31

thenar eminence

Back 31

the mass on the lateral/palmar side of the palm

Front 32

hypothenar eminence

Back 32

the mass on the medial/ulnar side of the palm

Front 33

radial nerve

Back 33

innervates muscles on the posterior surface of the hand

(ED, EI, EDM, EPL, EPB, APL)

Front 34

median nerve

Back 34

innervates muscles on the anterior, radial side of the hand

(FDS, FDP, FPL, FPB, APB, OP, 1st & 2nd lumbricales)

Front 35

ulnar nerve

Back 35

innervates muscles on the anterior, ulnar side of the hand

(FDP, AP, FDM, ADM, ODM, interossei, 3rd & 4th lumbricales)

Front 36

hand function

Back 36

sensation is extremely important to hand function

Front 37

functional position of the hand

Back 37

optimal position of the wrist & hand for the hand to be most effective in terms of strength & preision

Front 38

power grip: cylindrical

Back 38

occurs when all the fingers are flexed around the object, which usually lies at a right angle to the forearm

Front 39

power grip: spherical

Back 39

occurs when the fingers are more spread apart

Front 40

power grip: hook

Back 40

occurs when the 2nd-5th digits are flexed around an object in a hook-like manner

Front 41

precision grips

Back 41

provide more find movement & accuracy

Front 42

tip

Back 42

the most distal end of the finger

Front 43

pad (pulp)

Back 43

the anterior, distal end of the finger

Front 44

precision grip: pad-to-pad

Back 44

occurs when the pads of the fingers & thumb are brought together

Front 45

precision grip: pinch

Back 45

involves the thumb & one finger

Front 46

precision grip: three-jaw chuck

Back 46

involves the thumb & two fingers

(most common precision grip)

Front 47

precision grip: tip-to-tip (pincer)

Back 47

occurs when the tip of the thumb presses against the tip of another

Front 48

precision grip: pad-to-side (lateral prehension)

Back 48

occurs when the pad of the thumb presses against the radial side of the index finger

Front 49

precision grip: side-to-side

Back 49

requires adduction of two fingers

Front 50

precision grip: lumbrical (plate)

Back 50

occurs when the thumb opposes the fingers when holding an object in the horizontal position