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102 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The three types of muscle tissue are
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
What is a sarcolemma?
thin plasma membrane that encloses a striated muscle fiber
What is sacoplasm?
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
What are striations?
obvious stripes in skeletal muscle tissue
___________ Muscle is controlled voluntarily.
skeletal muscle
___________ Muscle is responsible for overall body motility.
skeletal muscle
___________ Muscle occurs only in the heart.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
___________ Muscle is striated but is not voluntary.
Cardiac Muscle tissue
What mechanism is rhythmically controlled by a sinoatrial node and located in the heart?
pacemaker
What type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow visceral organs?
Smooth Muscle Tissue
_______________ Muscle forces food and other substances through internal body channels.
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Muscle found in the stomach urinary bladder and respiratory passages is?
Smooth Muscle Tissue
What type of muscle is voluntary but is not striated?
Smooth Muscle Tissue
What are four functional characteristics of muscle tissue?
1. Excitability or irritability
2. Contractility
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity
What is excitability / irritability of muscle tissue?
the ability to receive and respond to stimuli
What is contractility of muscle tissue?
the ability to shorten forcibly
What is extensibility of muscle tissue?
the ability to be stretched or extended
What is elasticity of muscle tissue?
The ability to recoil and resume the original resting length
What are the three connective tissue sheaths?
1. Endomysium
2. Perimysium
3. Epimysium
What is the endomysium?
a fine sheath of connective tissue composed of reticular fibers surrounding each muscle fiber
What is the perimysium?
a fibrous connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fascicles
What is the epimysium?
an overcoat of dense regular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
Each skeletal muscle is a organ composed of what four things?
muscle tissue
blood vessels
nerve fibers
connective tissue
Most skeletal muscles span joints and are attached to bone in at least _______ places.
2
When muscles contract the movable bone (AKA the muscle’s ________) moves toward the immovable bone (AKA the muscle’s __________).
the insertion / the origin
When skeletal muscles attach directly the_____________ of the muscle is fused to the __________ of the bone
epimysium / periosteum
What are the three types of skeletal muscle attachments?
1. Directly
2. tendon to muscle
3. indirectly
When skeletal muscles attach _________ the connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as a tendon or aponeurosis.
indirectly
Each skeletal muscle fiber is a long, cylindrical cell with mutiple ______ just beneath the sarcolemma (cell membrane).
nuclei
T/F Skeletal muscle fibers are up to hundreds of centimeters long.
True
Each skeletal muscle cell is a syncytium (unit) produced by fusion of __________.
embryonic cells
__________ are densely packed rod-like contractile elements.
myofibrils
What elements make up most of the muscle volume?
myofibrils
The arrangement of____________ creates a repeating series of dark A- bands and light l-bands.
myofibrils
What are the smallest units of a muscle?
Sarcomeres
Sarcomeres are composed of _____________ made up of contractile proteins.
myofilaments
What are the two types of myofilaments?
thick and thin
____________ filaments are composed of the protein myosin and extend the entire length of an A band.
thick filaments
____________ filaments extend across the I band and partway into the A band.
thin filaments
____________ is a coin-shaped sheet of proteins that anchors the thin filaments and connects myofibrils to one another.
Z-disc
Each myosin molecule has a rod-like tail and ________ globular heads.
two
____________ filaments have two interwoven heavy polypeptide chain tails and two smaller
light polypeptide chains called cross bridges that make the head., myosin
___________ myosin filaments are chiefly composed of the protein actin.
thin
T/F The thick myosin filament subunits contain the active sites to which myosin heads attach during contraction.
False Thin filaments
T/F Tropomyosin and troponin are regulatory subunits bound to myosin.
False actin
What is the movement provided by the ankle? (anterior and posterior)
dorsiflexion = (ant. Compartment)
plantar flexion = (post. Compartment)
The movement provided by the Intertarsal joints is?
inversion and eversion of the foot
The movement of the toes is?
flexion and extension
What are the four muscles in the anterior compartment of the calf that are the primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors?
1. tibialis anterior
2. extensor digitorum longus
3. extensor hallucis longus
4. fibularis tertius
What are the two main muscles of the lateral compartment in the calf that plantar-flex and evert the foot?
1.fibularis longus
2. fibularis brevis muscles
What five muscles of the Posterior Compartment in the calf flex the foot and the toes.
1.gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3.Tibialis posterior
4. Flexor digitorum longus
5. flexor hallucis longus
___________ compartment flexes leg and extends the thigh.
posterior compartment
___________ compartment of the thigh extends the leg.
anterior compartment
___________ compartment adducts the thigh.
medial compartment
__________ compartment of the leg plantar flexes and everts foot.
lateral compartment
___________compartment plantar flexes the foot and flexes the toes.
posterior compartment
___________ compartment dorsiflexes the foot and extends the toes.
anterior compartment
The________ muscles of the foot help flex,extend, abduct, and adduct the toes.
intrinsic
What is the single dorsal foot muscle, which extends the toes?
the extensor digitorum brevis
The plantar muscles occur in how many layers?
four
What does the interossei group of muscles in the hand do?
abduct and adduct the fingers
What three groups are enclosed by the fascia lata?
1.anteriormuscles of the hip and thigh
2.posterior compartments
3.medial compartments
The __________ hip joint permits –Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction and, Rotation.
ball-and-socket
What are the most important thigh flexors? (3)
1. iliopsoas (prime mover)
2. Tensor fasciae latae
3. Rectus femoris
The medially located adductor muscles and _________ assist in thigh flexion.
sartorius
Thigh extension is primarily effected by what three hamstring muscles?
1.biceps femoris
2. Semitendinosus
3.semimebranosus
Forceful extension of the hamstring muscle is aided by what muscle?
the gluteus maximus
Abduction and rotation of the thigh is assisted by ____________ & ______________ and antagonized by the ______________.
-Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
antagonized by the lateral rotators
What are the five adductor muscles that assist in adduction of the thigh?
1.adductor magnus
2.adductor longus
3.adductor brevis
4.the pectineus
5.gracilis
What muscle is the sole extensor of the knee?
quadriceps femoris
What group of muscles is used to flex the knee and acts as antagonists to the quadriceps femoris?
hamstring muscles
During flexion the thumb bends __________ along the palm and during extension the thumb points _________.
-medially
-laterally
During flexion the fingers bend _________________ and during extension the fingers move ______________.
-anteriorly
-posteriorly
There are ______ groups of intrinsic hand muscles.
3
The thenar eminence and hypothenar eminence each have a flexor, an abductor, and an opponens muscle. Where is this group of muscles located on the body?
the hand
What do the mid-palm muscles (the lumbricals and interossei) do?
extend the fingers
____________ is smooth endoplasmic reticulum that runs longitudinally and surrounds each myofibril.
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
What controls regulation of intracellular calcium levels?
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
_____________ are continuous with the sarcolemma and they conduct impulses to the deepest regions of the muscle.
t tubules
The impulses from the T tubules signal for the release of ____________.
Ca+2
Thin filaments slide past the thick ones so that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to a greater degree. In the relaxed state thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly. Upon stimulation myosin heads bind to actin and sliding begins. What does this represent?
sliding filament model of contraction
In the sliding filament model each myosin head binds and detaches several times during contraction acting like a ratchet to generate tension and propel the thin filaments to the center of the____________. As this event occurs throughout the sarcomeres the muscles _____________.
sarcomere
the muscles shorten
What three things must happen in order for a skeletal muscle to contract?
1. Stimulation by a nerve ending
2. Production of an electric current/ action potential along its sarcolemma
3. Rise in Ca2+ to trigger the contraction
Skeletal muscles are stimulated by the motor of the ______________.
somatic nervous system
__________ of the neurons travel in nerves to muscle cells as well as branch profusely as they enter muscles.
axons
Each axonal branch forms a ______________ with a single muscle fiber.
neuromuscular junction
What is “cross bridge formation”?
myosin cross bridge attaches to actin filament
What is the working (power) stroke in contraction?
myosin head pivots and pulls actin filament toward M line
What is the “cross bridge detachment”?
ATP attaches to myosin head and the cross bridge detaches
What is “Cocking” of the myosin head?
energy from hydrolysis of ATP “cocks” the myosin head into the high-energy state
Contraction refers to the activation of what?
myosin cross bridges
What are the two types of muscle contractions?
Isotonic and isometric
_____________ contraction decreases muscle length.
isotonic
Isometric contraction increases muscle __________ and does not shorten during contraction.
tension
Iso=_______________ / tonic=___________________/ metric=_______________
same / tone / length
A _____________ is a neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.
motor unit
The number of muscle fibers per motor unit varies from ___________ to __________ hundred.
four to several hundred
What forms the neuromuscular junction?
axonal ending
The axonal endings have small membranous sacs (synaptic vesicles) that contain what neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine (ACh)
What is the motor end plate of a muscle?
a specific part of the sarcolemma that contains ACh receptors and helps form the neuromuscular junction
What is the space called between the axonal ends and muscle fibers?
the synaptic cleft
When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon at the neuromuscular junction: Voltage regulated calcium channels open and allow Ca2+ to enter the ___________. Ca2+ causes axonal vesicles to fuse with the axonal membrane. This fusion releases __________into the synaptic cleft. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma. Binding of ACh to its receptors initiates an ____________ in the muscle.
enter the axon / releases ACh / initiates an action potential