Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Plasma (cell) membrane
|
Forms the outer boundry of the cell, through which the cell interacts with it's external enviroment.
|
|
Nucleus
|
located in center of cell, it directs activity
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
located between cell membrane and nucleus, where most of cell activity takes place.
|
|
organelles
|
specialized structures that perform specific activities within the cell.
|
|
Characteristic functions of cells
|
1. Cell metabolism and energy use
2. synthesis of molecules 3. Communication |
|
intracellular
|
inside the cell
|
|
extracellular
|
substances outside the cell.
|
|
membrane potential.
|
The regulation of ion movement by cells result in charge difference across plasma membrane.
|
|
glycocalyx
|
collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
|
|
Phospholipids
|
predominate lipids of plasma membrane. They form a lipid bilayer. They have a polar head and a non-polar tail.
|
|
Hydrophilic head
|
Polar end of lipid bilayer exposed to aqueous extracellular and intracellular fluids.
|
|
Hydrophobic head
|
non-polar ends of lipid bilayer that face one another in the interior of plasma membrane.
|
|
Choleterol
|
the other major lipid in the plasma membrane. accounts for one third of plasma membrane.
|
|
interal proteins
|
penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer, in many cases extending from one surface to another.
|
|
peripheral proteins
|
attached to either the inner or the outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer.
|
|
attachement proteins
|
Integral proteins which allow cells to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules.
|
|
Cadherins
|
proteins that attach cells to other cells.
|
|
integrins
|
proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules.
|
|
transport proteins
|
integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
|
|
Channel proteins
|
one or more integral proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane.
|
|
Leak ion channel
|
channel proteins always open.
|
|
gated ion channels
|
channel proteins that can be open or closed.
|
|
Ligand-gated ion channels
|
gated ion channel that open and close from ligands, chemical signals.
|
|
Voltage gated ion channels
|
gated ion channels that open or close when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane.
|
|
ATP-powered pump.
|
transport proteins that move specific ions and molecules from one side of plasma membrane to the other.
|
|
Receptor proteins
|
proteins or glycoproteins in the plasma membrane that have exposed receptor site on the outer cell surface which can attach to specific chemical signals.
|
|
G protein complex
|
consists of alpha, beta, and gamma proteins, acts as an intermediary between a receptor and other celluar proteins.
|
|
Enzymes
|
some proteins that can catalyze chemical reactions on either side of the plasm membrane.
|
|
selectively permeable
|
allows only certain substances to pass through it.
|
|
vesicle
|
small mebrane bound sac.
|
|
Diffusion
|
movement of solutes from area of high concentration to area of low concentrations.
|
|
concetration gradient
|
concentration difference between two points divided by the distance between the two points.
|
|
viscosity
|
a measure of how easily a liquid flows.
|
|
Osmosis
|
diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
|
|
Aquaporins
|
water channel proteins, increase permeability to water in some cell types, such as kidney cells.
|
|
Osmotic pressure
|
force required to prevent water from moving across selectively permeable membrane.
|
|
isosmotic
|
same concentration of solute particles and same osmotic pressure.
|
|
hyperosmotic
|
higher concentration and osmotic pressure solutions
|
|
hyposmotic
|
more dilute and less osmotic pressure solutions.
|
|
mediated transport
|
process by which transport of proteins mediate or assist the movement of large water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules or ions across plama membrane.
|
|
specificity
|
each trasport proteins only binds to and transports a single type of molecule or ion
|
|
competition
|
the result of similar molecules binding to the transport protein.
|
|
saturation
|
the rate of movement of molecules across the membrane is limited by the number of available transport proteins.
|
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
carrier mediated or channel mediated process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher contration to a lower concentration.
|
|
Active transport
|
mediated transport that requires energy provided by ATP.
|
|
Sodium-potassium pump
|
moves Na+ out and K+ into cells.
|
|
Endocytosis
|
the uptake of material through the plasma membrane by formation of a vesicle.
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
"cell eating." solid particle are integested and phagocytic vesicles are fromed. They reomove harmful substance from the body.
|
|
Pinocytosis.
|
"cell- drinking" disolve liquids
|
|
Cytosol
|
Fluid portion of the cytoplasm,
|
|
exocytosis
|
process by which vesicle membrane fuses with plamsa membrane and expells contents from cell.
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
supports the cell and holds nucleus in place.
|
|
Microtubules
|
act as a support and structure t the cytoplasm, they are involved in cell divsion, hep transport intracellular materials, and form essential cell organelles, such as centroiles, spindal fibers, cilia and flagella.
|
|
Actin Filaments
|
small fibrils that form bundels , sheets or networks in the cytoplasm.
|
|
Intermediate filaments
|
protein fibers that provide mechanical strength to cells.
|
|
Cytoplasmic inclusions
|
aggregates of chemicals either produced or taken in by the cell.
|
|
Nucleus
|
a large, membrane bound structure, usually located near the center of the cell.
|
|
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
|
mostly found in nucleus, DNA determines the structure and functional characteristics of the cell by specifying the structure of proteins.
|
|
Chromosomes
|
discrete structures formed by DNA and associated proteins (histones)
|
|
chromatin
|
chromosomes dispersed throughout the nucleus as delicate flaments
|
|
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
|
intermediate of DNA, sent out of nucleus.
|
|
gene
|
sequence of nucoltides in DNA that specify the structure of a protein or RNA molecule.
|
|
Ribosomes
|
the sites of protein synthesis
|
|
Endoplasmic reticulum
|
network with the cytoplasm, consists of broad, flattened sacs and tubules.
|
|
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
|
called rough due to ribosomes attached to it.
|
|
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
|
no ribosomes attached, it manufactures lipids, such as phospholips, cholesterol, and steroid hormones, and carbohydrates.
|
|
Golgi apparatus
|
composed of flattened, membranous sacs, containing cisternae, that are stacked on each other. Thought of as the packing and distribution centers.
|
|
secretory vesicles
|
pinch of the Golgi apparatus and move to the surface of the cell.
|
|
Lysosomes
|
ar membrane bound vesicles that form at the golgi apparatus. Enzymes within lyosomes digest intracelluar
|
|
Peroxiomes
|
are membrane bound vesicles that are smaller than lyosomes. Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids.
|
|
Proteasomes
|
Consist of large protein complexes, including enzymes that break down and recycle other proteins within the cell.
|
|
Mitochondria
|
provide energy for the cell. They contain their own DNA
|
|
Centrosome
|
a specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus, it is the center for microtubule formation in the cell.
|
|
Cilia
|
structures that project from the surface of cells and are capable of movement.
|
|
Microvilli
|
are cylindrically shaped extention of the plasma membrane. The do not move, they increase the surface area of the cell to increase absorption or increase sensory reception.
|
|
Flagella
|
structures similar to cilia, but are longer. They are used for movement. Sperm cells are the only human cells to contain Flagella.
|
|
Genes
|
the functional units of heredity. Each gene is segment of the DNA.
|
|
Heredity
|
the transmission of genetic traits from parent to offspring.
|
|
Gene expression
|
production of proteins from the information stored in DNA.
|
|
Trascription
|
to process of making a copy of information on DNA to make a particuluar protein. The copy is called mRNA
|
|
Translation
|
process of turning mRNA into a protein.
|
|
Genetic Code
|
information carried on mRNA.
|
|
Codons
|
a molecule that specifies the structure of a protein.
|
|
Cell life cycle
|
changes a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it divides to produce two new cells.
|
|
Interphase
|
phase between cell divisions. 90% of a typical cell life is spent in interphase.
|
|
Cell division
|
produces the new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair.
|
|
Mitosis
|
is the division of a cell's chromosomes into to new nuclie, each with identical DNA as the orginal nuclie.
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
Division of cell's cytoplasm to produce two new cells.
|