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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Protists? |
Unicellular eukaryotes |
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Protists discovered by whom? |
Leeuwenhoek |
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Protozoan body plan. Name 4 parts. |
1) Plasmolenma 2) Cytoplasm 3) Contractile vacuoles 4) Extrusomes |
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Contractile vacuole |
Organelles that expel excess water from cytoplasm |
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Extrusomes |
Organelles that can be ejected from the body |
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Examples of extrusomes |
Trichocysts Toxicysts |
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Cilia |
Short cylindrical hairlike structures |
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Flagella |
Similar to cilia, but longer and fewer |
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Pseudopodia |
Temporary projections of the cell membrane |
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Four types of psuedopodia |
Lobopodia, Filiopod, Reticulopodia, Axopodia |
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Lobopodia |
Long extensions that are round |
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Filopod |
Long threat like extensions |
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Reticulopod |
Web like extensions |
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Axopodia |
Web like extensions but with support from microtubules |
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Fisson |
Splitting in half |
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Budding |
A new individual buds off from parent |
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Plasmotomy |
Multiple nuclei in a cell and the plasma splits to form new individuals |
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Pinocytosis |
Ability to eat mostly liquid or really small food particles |
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Phagocytosis |
Sucks in food particles (other cells) |
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Phylum Ciliophora |
Free-living All have pellicle, some have test Alveoli |
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Alveoli |
Membrane enclosed sac, underneath cell membrane |
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Metachronal |
Sequences wavy movement of cilia |
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Ciliophora structure |
Kinetodesmata link the kinetosomes together |
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Autogamy |
You only need one organize and it can recombine DNA within the cell. |
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Two nuclei in Ciliophora |
Macro - day to day function Micro - reproduction |
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Phylum Dinozoa |
Hard cellulose plates - thecal plates Dinoflagellates |
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Bioluminescent dinoflagellates |
Noctiluca |
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Phylum Apicomplexa |
Endoparasites |
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Red tides |
Karenia brevis Neurotoxins |
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Dinoflagellates have symbiotic relationship with...? |
Corals, jellyfish, etc |
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Phylum Apicomplexa - Gregarines |
Parasitize insects and other inverts |
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Phylum Apicomplexa - Coccidians |
Parasitize inverts and vertebrates Malaria |
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How many presidents had malaria? |
8 - Washington, Jackson, Monroe, Grant, Lincoln, Garfield, T. Roosevelt, Kennedy |
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What malaria cells infect humans? |
Haploid sporozites |
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What malaria cells infect mosquitos? |
Only haploid gametocytes |
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Phylum Foraminifera |
Benthic marine organisms Some symbiotic photosynthetic Foraminiferan test = chalk!!! |
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Phylum Radiolaria |
Marine zooplankton Heterotrophs Endoskeleton - silica & strontium sulfate |
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Phylum Heliozoa |
Freshwater zooplankton Heterotrophs |
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Gymnamoebae |
Naked amoebae Free living phagocytosis |
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Phylum Eumycetozoa |
Slime molds Plasmodium - form one giant cell |
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Mixotrophic |
Eat other things AND make their own food |
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Arcellinida |
Have a test or build test from sand Psuedopodia pushed through opening |
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Mastigophorans |
Amoeboid ancestors? One flagella, pellicle Diverse lifestyles |
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Phytoflagellated protozoans |
Mostly Autotrophic Photosynthetic possible |
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Zooflagellated protozoans |
Free living Found in soil, freshwater, marine |
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Choanoflagellates similar to what group? |
Sponges |
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Phylum Euglenozoa |
Parasites Causes sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis |
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Phylum Parabasala |
Symbiotic Live in termite & wood roach gut |
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Phylum Percolozoa |
Brain eating amoeba |
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Amoebaflagellates |
Go from amoeba to flagellate |
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Cambrian explosion |
540-525 mya Appearance of present day phyla |
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Avalon explosion |
Diversification of sessile animals with "quilted appearance" |
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Paraphyletic |
Group not containing all descendants of common ancestor |
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Homologous |
Similarity due to shared ancestry |
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Analogous |
Similar due to convergent evolution |
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Example of radial symmetry |
Corals, jellyfish, anemones |
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Monophyletic |
Group containing all the descendants of a common ancestor |
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Example of secondary radial symmetry |
Echinoderms |
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Diploblast characteristics |
Phyla Radiata, radial symmetry, only endo- & ectoderm with mesoglea present between layers. |
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Saggital symmetry |
Split into left & right |
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Transverse symmetry |
Split into head and tail |
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Frontal symmetry |
Split into front and back |
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Tardigrade |
Space bear |
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Largest phyla |
Arthropoda |
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Radial Cleavage |
Cells aligned directly over each other during development; deuterostomes |
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Example of bilateral symmetry |
Vertebrates |
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Bilateral symmetry goes hand and hand with what? |
Cephalization |
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Define "invertebrate" |
No backbone |
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Schizocoely |
Coelom forms from gradual split in mesoderm Protostomes |
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Importance of water |
Gas exchange, External fertilization, Waste excretion, Skeletal support, Dispersal, Thermal stability, Even pressure changes |
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Why invertebrates important to humans? |
Food, natural products, and medicine. |
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Protostomes |
Mouth develops from blastopore |
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Deuterostomes |
Mouth does not develop from blastopore (anus often does) |
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Phylogenetic tree |
A depiction of the descent and the relationships of a gene, species or group |
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What develops from the endoderm? |
Lining of digestive tract, lungs, etc |
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What develops from the mesoderm? |
Muscles, connective tissues and internal organs |
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What develops from the ectoderm? |
Epithelium (skin) and central nervous system |
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Coelom |
Body cavity from mesoderm |
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Phylogenetic tree |
A depiction of the descent and the relationships of a gene, species or group |
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What develops from the endoderm? |
Lining of digestive tract, lungs, etc |
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What develops from the mesoderm? |
Muscles, connective tissues and internal organs |
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What develops from the ectoderm? |
Epithelium (skin) and central nervous system |
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Coelom |
Body cavity from mesoderm |
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Enterocoely |
Coelom forms from pouches of archenteron; deuterostomes |
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Synapomorphy |
Common possession of a derived homologous character found in only the group in question |
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Triploblast |
All three layers ; bilateral |
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Taxonomy |
Classification of organisms on the basis of shared characteristics |
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Hox genes |
Determines which cells become what in embryonic development |
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Polytomies |
Simultaneous divergence or phylogenetic tree uncertainty. |
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Phylogenetic systematics |
Classification of organisms on the basis of shared ancestory |
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Polyphyletic |
Group derived from 2 or more ancestral taxa |
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Invertebrates are what percent of all animal species? |
98% |
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Spiral Cleavage |
Cells align at an angle during development; protostomes |
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Examples of asymmetry |
Porifera (sponges); Placazoa |
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Indeterminate (regulative) cleavage |
Cells can split (twins) up until 8-cell stage; deuterostomes |
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Cephalization |
Concentration of sensory organs at one end of the body |
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Hornet that has "solar cells" |
Oriental Hornet |
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Determinate (mosaic) cleavage |
After 2-cell stage of development, fate is determined; no twins from that |
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Invertebrates live mostly in what environments? |
Aquatic |
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3 types of triploblasts |
Acoelomate; Psuedocoelomate; Eucoelomate |
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Acoelomate |
No coelom; Flatworns (Planaria) |
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Psuedocoelomate |
Has a coelom, but not derived from mesoderm; roundworms (Nematoda) |
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Eucoelomates |
True coelom; Annelids, mollusks, chordates |
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Homplasy |
Character similarity not due to common ancestor |
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Two common invertebrate model organisms |
Drosophila (fruit fly); C. elegans |
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Mastigonemes |
Little hairs covering the flagellum |
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Which phyla have aveoli? |
Ciliophora, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa |
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What is a lorica? |
Shell-like covering reinforced with sand or other particles |
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Phyla in Kingdom Chromista |
Ciliphora, Dinozoa, Cercozoa, Heliozoa, Framinifera, Radiozoa, Apicomplexa |
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Characteristics of Phylum Porifera |
Collar cells with flagella; mesohyl layer can contain spicules; sessile |
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Characteristics of Class Calcarea |
Spicules made of calcium carbonate; only living asconoid body type, but has all three body plans |
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Characteristics of Class Demospongiae |
Largest class; spicules made from spongin and/or silica; contain all of freshwater species; leuconoid; carnivorous sponges |
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Characteristics of Class Hexactinellida |
Six-ray spicules; glass sponges; syncytial; marine |
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Characteristics of Class Homoscleromorpha |
Most lack spicules; clear basal membrane underlying epithelium; all epithelial cells bear cilia |
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Characteristics of Kingdom Protozoa |
Serves as decomposers; cause several illnesses (Malaria); occur in moist areas; plasmalemma |
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Characteristics of Phylum Placazoa |
Small; multicellular; mobile; lacking body cavity two layers of ciliated epithelial cells with contractile cells in between. |
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Asconoid sponge |
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Syconoid sponge |
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Leuconoid sponge |
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Syncytial |
Several nuclei contained within a single plasma membrane |
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The Rhizarians |
Faraminifera, Radiozoa, Cercozoa |
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Archaeocytes |
Amoeboid cells that can differentiate |
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Porocyte |
Allows water flow through ostium |
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Ostium |
Canals in porocyte |
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Spicules |
provides support (calcareous or siliceous) |
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Spongocoel |
Empty space inside |
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Choanocyte |
Collar cells; generate current; captures food; captures sperm |
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Choanosome |
Layer of choanocytes |
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Mesohyl |
layer of gelatinous, non-living material |
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Pinacoderm |
Layer of pinacocytes |
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Sclerocyte |
Produces spicules |
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Spongocyte |
produces spongi |
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Osculum |
Big opening in the middle of the sponge |
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Endosymbionts |
Organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism |
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Gemmules |
Dormant protective structures; for adverse conditions; can hatch after 25 years of storage |
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Hermaphrodite |
May be male and female sexes |
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Amphiblastula |
Free-swimming larva of certain sponges that has small flagellated cells in one hemisphere and large nonflagellated cells in the other |
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Amphiblastula |
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Stereoblastula |
Blastula without a cavity |
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Parenchymella |
An envelope of flagellated cells surrounding an internal mass of cells. |
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Shiny spheres |
Defense in upper epithelium |
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Glandular cells |
Digestive fluids in lower epithelium |
