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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuron |
Nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
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Dendrites |
Neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward thecell body |
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Axon |
Neuron extension that ends messages to other neurons or cells |
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Action Potential |
Nerve Impulse |
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Glial cells (glia) |
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons;they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory |
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Synapse |
Junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and thedendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron |
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Threshold |
Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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What does a All or non-response mean involving Neurons? |
Neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) ornot firing |
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Neurotrasnmitters |
Neuron-produced chemicals that cross synapses to carry messagesto other neurons or cells |
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What is the formula for how Neurons Communicate? |
IF excitatorysignals - Inhibitory Signals > threshold + Combinedsignals triggeraction potential = Communication |
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How do Neurotransmitters influence us? |
It delivers specific messages that influencebehavior and emotions |
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How does the chemical Serotonin affect us? |
affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal |
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How does Dopamine affect us? |
Influences movement, learning attention and emotion |
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How does Acetylcholine affect us? |
Enables muscle action, learning and memory |
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How does Norepinephrine affect us? |
Helps control alertness and arousal |
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How does Gaba affect us? |
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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How does Glutamate affect us? |
A major excitatory Neurotransmitter; involved in memory |
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How do Endorphins affect us? |
Influence the perception of pain and pleasure |
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What is the Nervous System? |
Body’s speedy, electrochemical communicationnetwork, consisting of all the nerve cells of thecentral and peripheral nervous systems |
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What are the two main parts of the Central nervous system (CNS)? |
Brain and spinal cord |
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What is the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)? |
Sensory and motor neurons connecting the centralnervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body |
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What does Sensory Neurons do to us? |
Carries messages from the body’s tissues andsensory receptors inward to your spinal cord andbrain for processing |
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What does motor Neurons do to us? |
Carries instructions from your central nervous systemout to the body’s muscles |
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How does Interneurons within the brain and spinal cord affect us? |
They communicate with one another and processinformation between the sensory input and motoroutput |
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What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system? |
Somatic nervous system and the Autonomic nervous system |
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What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic nervous System? |
sympathetic and parasympethetic |
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What does the Sympathetic nervous system do to us? |
arousesand expends energy |
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What does the parasympethic nervous system do to us? |
calms andconserves energy and allows routinemaintenance activity |
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What percentage of our weight does the brain account for? |
two percent |
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what does the endocrine system do to us? |
secrete chemical messengers through thebloodstream to target tissue |
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what is the main part of the endocrine system? |
glands |
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What is the pituitary gland? |
releases hormones and sends messages to otherendocrine glands to release their hormones |
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What system does the pituitary gland work with? |
Centural Nervous system |
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What does the pituitary gland and Central Nevous system do to us? |
maintain balance andmanage response to stress, hard work, andbehavior and thoughts. |
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What is the order of the feedback system? |
Brain → pituitary→other glands →hormones→body and brain |
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What is the relationship between the body and the brain? |
Nerves from oneside of the brainare mostly linkedto the body’sopposite side. |
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What is the brainstem? |
Oldest and innermost brain region |
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What is the Medulla? |
Located at base of the brainstem; controlsheartbeat and breathing |
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What is the Pons? |
Sits above medulla and helps coordinatemovement |
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What is the thalamus? |
Area at the top of the brainstem; directs sensorymessages to the cortex and transmits replies to thecerebellum and medulla |
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What is the Reticular Formation? |
Nerve network running through the brainstem andthalamus; |
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What role does Reticular Formation in the brain? |
controls arousal |
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What functions are possible because of the Cerebellum? |
judgment of time, sound and texturediscrimination, emotional control, voluntary movement, lifesustainingfunctions, processing and storing of information outside ofawareness |
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Where and what is the Limbic System? |
Neural system that sits between the brain’s olderparts and its cerebral hemispheres |
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what parts of the body does the limbic system include? |
Includes hippocampus, amygdala, andhypothalamus |
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What does the Limbic system do for a person? |
emotions and drives |
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What is the amygdala? |
Consists of two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in thelimbic system; |
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What is the Hypothalamus? |
Neural structure lying below the thalamus, Directs several maintenance activities, Helps govern endocrine system via the pituitary gland,and is linked to emotion and reward |
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What is the Frontal lobe? |
Portion of the cerebral cortexlying just behind the forehead; involved inspeaking and muscle movements and inmaking plans and judgments. |
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What is the parietal lobe? |
portion of the cerebral cortexlying at the top of the head and toward therear; receives sensory input for touch andbody position. |
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What is the Occipital Lobe? |
portion of the cerebral cortexlying at the back of the head; includes areasthat receive information from the visualfields. |
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What is the Temporal Lobe? |
Portion of the cerebralcortex lying roughly above the ears; includesareas that receive information from the ears. |
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What are the functions of the Cortex? |
enables judgment,planning, and processing of new memories |
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What is plasticity? |
Ability to fix parts of the brain |
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What is Neurogenisis? |
Formation of new neurons |
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What is Selective attention? |
Focusing conscious awareness on a particularstimulus |
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What is inattentional blindness? |
Failure to see visible objects when our attention isdirected elsewhere |
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What are Biological rhythms? |
24-hour biological clock, 90 minute sleep cycle |
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What is a circadian Rhythm? |
nternal biological clock of 24-hour cycle of day andnight, Altered by age and experience |
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What is Rem Rebound? |
Tendency for REM sleep to increase following REMsleep deprivation |
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What are Delta Waves? |
Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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How many sleep Stages are there? |
3 |
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What happens in the first stage of sleep? |
characterized byfantastic images resembling hallucinations |
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What happens in the second stage of sleep? |
the stage in which wespend the most time) follows for the next 20minutes, with its characteristic sleep spindles |
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What happens in the third stage of sleep? |
the brainemits large, slow delta waves. This slow-wavesleep stage lasts for about 30 minutes, duringwhich we are hard to awaken. |
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what are the possible reasons that we sleep? |
Sleep protects, Sleep helps us recover, Sleep helps us remember, Sleep feeds creative thinking, Sleep supports growth |
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What are the effects of sleep loss? |
Slow reactions, Increases errors on visual attention tasks, Reduced concentration that may lead to“cyber-loafing”, Immune system depression, Risk of depression |
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What is insomnia? |
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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what is Narcolepsy? |
Sleep disorder in which a person has uncontrollablesleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REMsleep |
