Intro To Psychology Chapter 1

Front 1

What is psychology

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The discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by organisms physical state, mental state, and external environment

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Modern psychology

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First by France Joseph Gall in 1758-1828. To study the mind phrenology is to have your head read from the bumps on your head

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William Wundt

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Is known for the technique introspection which is the method by which individuals were taught to carefully observe, analysis, and describe their own experiences. Dismissed as being too subjected

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Funtionalism

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Is an early approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness. William James United States

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Psychoanalysis

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Theory of Personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes unconsciousness motives and conflicts

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Biological perspective

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There's a logical approach that focuses on how bodily events affect Behavior, feelings, and thoughts. Involves hormones, brains, thoughts, and Genes

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Learning perspective

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Concerned with how the environment and experiences affect a person's actions. Involves behavioral list and social and cognitive learning theorist

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Cognitive perspective

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Emphasizes what goes on in people's heads. Focuses on interfering mental processes from observable behaviors.

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Sociocultural

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Emphasizes social and cultural forces outside the individual that shape various aspects of behavior

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Basic psychology

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The study of psychology issues for the sake of own knowledge rather than for its practical application

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Applied psychology

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The study of psychology issues that have direct practical significance also, the application of psychology findings

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Psychotherapist

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Anyone who does any type of psychotherapy. An unregulated term

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Psycho-analysists

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Received training in psychoanalysis

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Psychiatrists

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Medical doctors who diagnose and treat mental disorders

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Critical thinking

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The ability and willingness to explain and make ejective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons rather than emotion and antidote

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Representative sample

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A group of random chosen participants that accurately represent the larger population in which the research is interested

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Descriptive methods

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Methods that yield descriptions of behavior, but not casual explanations. Case studies, surveys, observations, and psychology

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Observation studies

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Observe and record Behavior without interfering with behavior.

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Naturalistic studies

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Behavior in a natural environment

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Laboratory studies

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Studies in a controlled setting

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Psychological tests

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Used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitude, interest, abilities, and values.

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Characteristics of a good psychological test

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1. Standardization

2. Reliability

3. Validity

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Standardized test

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Is a uniform test. Same test for everyone

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Reliability test

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Consistency of test scores

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Validity test

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The ability to measure what it was designed to measure

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Correlational studies

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A descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena

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Correlation

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A numerical measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two things. Does not prove cause-and-effect

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Positive correlations

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An association between increases and one variable and increases and another or decreases in one variable and decreases in the other

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Negative correlations

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An association between increases and one variable and decreases and another

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Independent variable

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A variable that the experimenter manipulates

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Dependent variable

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A variable that is affected by the independent variable. What is measured

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Control condition

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Placebo, and others have the real deal

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Random assignment

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Random assignment of subjects in groups. Any person has the same chance of being an either group

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Experimenter effects

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Unattended changes in subjects Behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter

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Strategies for preventing experimenter effects

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Single and double blind study. Advantages - allows for the determination of cause and effect relationships. Limitations - the sample may not be representative of the population. Participants may act in ways they ordinarily would not

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Descriptive statistics

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Statistics that organize and summarize research data

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Inferential statistics

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Statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful of study results are