Intro Phonology Midterm

Front 1

what is phonology?

Back 1

study of the production and perception of speech sounds.

Front 2

Clinical phonetcis

Back 2

application of phonetics in the clinic, including information necessary for transcription

Front 3

Acoustic phonetics

Back 3

study of speech sounds as they are perceived by the ear of listener and sound waves produced when uttered

Front 4

Articulatory phonetics
(aka Physiological phonetics)

Back 4

study of articulatory patterns that produce speech sounds

Front 5

Perceptual phonetics

Back 5

use of phonetic transcription system to transcribe speech

Front 6

2-Way scoring

Back 6

dichotomous decision. easiest way to score a behavior.

Front 7

5-WAY SCORING and C-SODA

Back 7

a description of what type of error was committed
C-SODA= correct/incorrect, subsitution, omission, distortion, addition

Front 8

Phonetic Transcription

Back 8

Not a way of scoring, rather a description of speech. Non-judgemental. Uses phonetic alphabet.

Front 9

3 Types of writing systems

Back 9

pictographic, idiographic, alphabetic

Front 10

Pictographic writing system

Back 10

use picture instead of words, pictures represent a message, no 1:1 correspondence, easy to interpret, not meant to represent reality, spontaneous invention.

Front 11

Idiographic writing system
(aka Logographic)

Back 11

may look like object it represents (like handicap sign), but not necessarily (chinese, each character has meaning which can be combined w/out regard to sound

Front 12

Difference b/w Pictographic and Idiographic writing

Back 12

Pictograph= spontaneous, universally understood.
Idiograph= conventional meaning pre-agreed upon w/in a society.

Front 13

Alphabetic writing

Back 13

use of a system of symbols, each of which represent a different sound. 1:1 correspondence b/w sound and symbol. Spanish, Russian=alphabetic; English, French= not truly alphabetic

Front 14

5 reasons why English is not alphabetic (does not follow 1:1 correspondence rule)

Back 14

1. multiple spellings to represent a sound(tea, tee)
2. multiple sounds for one symbol (bone, cot)
3. use of diphthongs (reenter) violates 1:1 correspondence
4. sometimes letters represent no sound (island)
5. there are sounds that are not represented by spelling (use, you)

Front 15

5 reasons why spelling is NOT pronunciation

Back 15

1. when talking about sounds say sounds when talking about letter say letters.
(ie: "s" sound can be represented as "c" in "circle" or "z" in "is".
2. do not base conclusions on right pronunciation on spelling ("th" not made by combining "t"+ "h")
3. Do not let knowledge of spelling distort perception of speech sounds. (no single "th" sound)
4. spelling conventions often represent somtehing different from what they indicate (better= only 1 "t" sound)
5. in phonetics, # of vowels and consonants tallied by how pronounced, not how spelled

Front 16

3 systems of speech production

Back 16

respiratory system
laryngeal system
supralaryngeal system

Front 17

broad transcription

Back 17

includes symbols to represent consonants, vowels, diphthongs

Front 18

narrow transcription

Back 18

all symbols used in broad transcription plus diacritics (symbols that represent slight variations in production of target sounds)

Front 19

linguistic complexity

Back 19

context that sound to be transcribed is embedded (isolated sound, word, sentance, conversation)

Front 20

response complexity

Back 20

number of target sounds to be transcribed (isolated sound or all sounds)

Front 21

allophone

Back 21

a phonetic variation of a phoneme (key vs coo)

Front 22

morpheme

Back 22

the smallest meaning bearing unit of language

Front 23

geminate

Back 23

sounds that occur together as a pair (bookkeeper, gas suply)

Front 24

Pre- and Postvocalic

Back 24

Prevocalic: consonant occurs before vowel
Postvocalic: consonant occurs after a vowel

Front 25

consonant

Back 25

A sound produced when air is obstructed in some way before being expelled from the lungs through the oral cavity or nasal cavity.

Front 26

velopharyngeal port

Back 26

opening b/w orpharyngeal cavity and the nasal cavity , which can prevent nasal transmission of sound when closed.

Front 27

fundamental frequency

Back 27

rate of vocal fold vibration
male: 125Hz
female: 250 Hz

Front 28

3 ways that consonants can be described

Back 28

Voicing= vocal folds vibrate
Place= where sound is formed
Manner= how sound is formed

Front 29

2 types of voicing

Back 29

+ voice
- voice

Front 30

7 types of placement
(see notes also)

Back 30

bilabial
interdental
labiodental
palatal
alveolar
palatal velar
glottal

Front 31

4 major types of manner
(see notes also)

Back 31

stops
fricatives
affricates
approximates

Front 32

def. of stop

Back 32

strong consonant, formed by complete closure of vocal tract with closed velopharynx so that air flow stops temporarily and air pressure builds up behind th eponts of closure

Front 33

stop burst and plosive

Back 33

release of impounded air after a stop producing a short burst of noise called a plosive

Front 34

6 stops

Back 34

see notes

Front 35

fricatives

Back 35

a sound produced with a narrow constriction (cutting edge) through which air escapes with a continuous noise

Front 36

9 fricatives (5 types)

Back 36

interdental, labiodental,alveolar, palatal-alveolar, glottal see notes

Front 37

affricate

Back 37

a combination of sounds (stop fricative) where air pressure is built up and then released

Front 38

2 affricates

Back 38

see notes

Front 39

nasals

Back 39

sound energy created by pulses of air from the vocal folds readiate through the nasal cavities with the oral cavities closed and velopharyngeal port open.

Front 40

3 nasals

Back 40

see notes

Front 41

Approximants

Back 41

any consonant sound where two articulators are brought close together but not close enough to create friction

Front 42

Two types of approximants

Back 42

Liquids
Glides

Front 43

2 liquids, def, how formed

Back 43

vowel like consonants only slightly more constricted

Lateral (l)= tongue makes midline, air travels sideways

Rhotic (r)= tongue bunched not touching alveolar ridge or palate and tip curled back

Front 44

3 glides, def, how formed

Back 44

gliding motion of articulators from partly constricted state to more open state of following vowel

Palatal (j)
bilabial (w and M)

Front 45

glottal stop

Back 45

"?" without dot.
not a phoneme
"anna adams"

Front 46

syllable

Back 46

phonological constituent composed of zero or more consonants followed by vowel, and ending with a shorter string of zero or more consonants.

Front 47

syllabic consonants

Back 47

when consonants take on a syllable function, only in final position of word in an unaccented syllable.
Indicated by short vertical bar under final consonant

Front 48

nonrhotic flap

Back 48

latter= ladder. symbol looks like upside down "J"

Front 49

light and dark /l/

Back 49

light l= when tip of tong touches alveolar ridge as in "light"
dark l= occurs when there is additional arching of tongue in velar region "dull"

dark l symbolized by tilda through "l"

Front 50

4 ways to describe vowel articulation

Back 50

tongue height (up down)
tongue advancement(frontback)
tenseness
lip configuration

Front 51

diphthong

Back 51

two vowel sounds together in th same syllable as a two part vowel or as a vowel that changes in quality

Front 52

Phonemic diphthongs

Back 52

see notes

Front 53

Nonphonemic diphthongs

Back 53

can be reduced to a monophthong
see notes

Front 54

Tense and Lax vowels

Back 54

Lax vowels can only occur in closed syllables