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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is PROSODY?
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Rhythmic alternations of strongly and weakly accented syllables
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CIE had an accent based on ______?
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Pitch Differences (Free Pitch Accent)
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What did Germanic replace CIE's accent with?
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Strong Stress Accent
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Where is the stress fixed in Germanic?
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Initial syllable of the word
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VOWEL CHANGES:
*o > ___? |
*o > a
Ex: octo (Latin) > ahtau (Gothic; E. Germanic) |
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VOWEL CHANGES:
*a: > ___? |
*a: > o:
Ex: ma:ter (Latin) > mo:der (OE) |
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GRIMM'S LAW:
IE Voiced Aspirated Stops became...? [[bh, dh, gh > ___ . ___, ___?]] |
IE Voiced Aspirated Stops became Voiced Fricatives
[[bh, dh, gh > β, ð, ƒ respectively]] |
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GRIMM'S LAW:
IE Voiceless Stops became...? [[p, t, k > ___, ___, ___?]] |
IE Voiceless Stops became Voiceless Fricatives (except when
preceded by [s]) [[p, t, k > f, θ, h (word initially, [x] otherwise) respectively]] |
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GRIMM'S LAW:
IE Voiced Stops became...? [[b, d, g > ___, ___, ___?]] |
IE Voiced Stops became Voiceless Stops
[[b, d, g > p, t, k respectively]] |
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GRIMM'S LAW:
IE Voiced Fricative (from change 1) became...? [[β, ð, ƒ > ___, ___, ___?]] |
IE Voiced Fricative (from change 1) became Voiced Stops
[[β, ð, ƒ > b, d, g respectively]] |
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What is DRAG-CHAIN EFFECT?
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When a sound change leaves a 'hole' in the phonology of a language and other sound changes occur to make up for it, resulting in new holes that are then patched up by further sound change until everything is resolved.
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1) bh > β [gap in voiced aspirates emerges]
2) p > f [gap in voiceless stops emerges] 3) b > p [gap in voiceless stops filled, gap in voiced stops emerges] 4) β > b [gap in voiced stops filled] DRAG-CHAIN: Change 2 triggers change 3 by filling the gap left by change 2 Change 3 triggers change 4 by filling the gap left by change 3. |
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VERNER'S LAW:
Where voiceless [f], [θ] and [x] were expected to appear as corresponding to stops [p], [t] and [k], what sometimes appeared instead? |
The voiced fricatives [β], [ð], [ɣ] (or later [b], [d]
and [g]) sometimes appeared instead. |
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VERNER'S LAW:
What sound often appeared where [s] was expected? |
[r]
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VERNER'S LAW:
All voiceless fricatives ([f], [θ] and [x]) became voiced fricatives (β, ð, ɣ) when (1) preceded by _______? and (2) surrounded by __________? |
(1) UNACCENTED SYLLABLE
(2) VOICED SOUNDS |
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What is the chronological order of the Germanic Sound Changes?
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1) GRIMM'S LAW
2) VERNER'S LAW (acting on results of GRIMM'S) 3) Germanic Stress Shift to the first syllable (if it happened first, VERNER'S would not apply) |
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