Integrated Science 11: Chapter 9

Front 1

Mixture

Back 1

a material that has unlike parts and a composition that varies

Front 2

Mixture

Back 2

Can be separated into its components by physical means

Front 3

Physical Change

Back 3

a change that does not alter the identity of matter

Front 4

Mixture

Back 4

Can be heterogeneous and homogeneous

Front 5

Pure Substance

Back 5

a material that is the same throughout. it has a fixed, definite composition

Front 6

Element

Back 6

a substance that can not be broken down by chemical or physical means

Front 7

Compound

Back 7

a substance that can be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical change

Front 8

Chemical Change

Back 8

a change where a new substance is formed. it alters the identity of the matter

Front 9

Atom

Back 9

the smallest unit of an element. it can exist alone or in combination with other elements

Front 10

Chemical Bond

Back 10

an attractive force that binds individual atoms together in a compound

Front 11

Molecule

Back 11

the smallest particle of a compound that can exist and still retain the characteristic chemical properties of a substance

Front 12

chemical reaction

Back 12

A change in matter in which different chemical substances are created by forming or breaking chemical bonds

Front 13

chemical equation

Back 13

can be used to represent a chemical reaction

Front 14

Valence Electrons

Back 14

electrons in the outermost orbital

Front 15

Valence Electrons

Back 15

They participate in chemical bonding and determine the chemical properties of an atom.

Front 16

Inner-shell Electrons

Back 16

do not participate in bonding. in stable, fully occupied orbitals

Front 17

Octet Rule

Back 17

Atoms will attempt to acquire an outer orbital with eight electrons.

Front 18

Ionic

Back 18

formed when atoms transfer electrons to get noble gas configurations

Front 19

Ionic bond

Back 19

positive and negative ions are formed and because oppositely charged, an electrostatic attraction arises

Front 20

Ionic bond

Back 20

a bond generally made from metal + nonmetal

Front 21

Covalent

Back 21

achieve noble gas configuration by sharing electrons

Front 22

Covalent bond

Back 22

a bond generally made from a nonmetal + nonmetal

Front 23

Metallic

Back 23

bonds formed in solid metals with an electron sea

Front 24

Formula

Back 24

describes what elements are in the compound and in what proportions

Front 25

If an ionic compound is made with a transition metal

Back 25

it may be a colored, crystalline solid.

Front 26

Polyatomic Ions

Back 26

charged group of atoms that act as a single unit in ionic compounds. They are held together by covalent bonds.

Front 27

Covalent Bond

Back 27

a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons

Front 28

Diatomic Molecules

Back 28

H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Front 29

Lewis Structures

Back 29

structures that represent covalently bonded compounds

Front 30

lone pairs

Back 30

pair of electrons that belong exclusively to a particular atom, represented by 2 dots

Front 31

shared pairs

Back 31

electrons being shared by both atoms in the bond, represented by a dash

Front 32

Single Bond

Back 32

a covalent bond with one shared pair of electrons (2 e-)

Front 33

Double Bond

Back 33

a covalent bond when two pairs of electrons (4 e-) are shared by two atoms

Front 34

Triple Bond

Back 34

a covalent bond when three pairs of electrons (6 e-) are shared by two atoms

Front 35

Chemical Equation

Back 35

a concise way of describing a chemical reaction

Front 36

Law of Conservation of Mass

Back 36

matter can neither be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions

Front 37

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction (redox)

Back 37

a reaction in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Front 38

Oxidation

Back 38

part of redox reaction in which there is a loss if e-

Front 39

Reduction

Back 39

part of redox reaction in which there is a gain of e-

Front 40

Oxidizing agents

Back 40

substances that take electrons from other substances

Front 41

Reducing agents

Back 41

supplies electrons to the substance being reduced

Front 42

Combustion Reaction

Back 42

a rapid reaction with oxygen that releases energy, usually observed with a flame

Front 43

Single Replacement

Back 43

an atom or polyatomic ion is replaced in a compound by a different atom or polyatomic ion

Front 44

General Format for Single Replacement reactions

Back 44

negative- XY + Z >>> XZ + Y
positive - XY + A >>> AY + X

Front 45

Ion Exchange

Back 45

reaction that takes place when the ions of one compound interact with the ions of another compound

Front 46

Commonly formed in an ion exchange

Back 46

a.) a precipitate (a solid that comes out of solution) b.) gas c.) water

Front 47

General format for Ion Echange

Back 47

AX + BY >>> AY + BX

Front 48

An Example of an Ion Exchange Reaction

Back 48

Acid / Base Reaction

Front 49

Double Replacement

Back 49

another name for Ion Exchange

Front 50

Reaction rates are affected by

Back 50

1.) Concentration of reactants 2.) Temperature 3.) The surface area of the reaction

Front 51

Catalyst

Back 51

a material that speeds up a chemical reaction without being permanently changed by the reaction

Front 52

Catalyst

Back 52

works by lowering activation energy