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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Factors in a population |
age distribution, sex, race, personal habits, geographical location, seasonal changes, modes of transmission, etc |
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Hippocrates |
associated lifestyle and environment with disease |
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Edward Jenner |
proved that cowpox and smallpox were related
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Ignaz Semmelweis |
proved that childbed fever resulted from physicians not washing hands after dissections
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John Snow |
-1849 -father of epidemiology (source, cause and control of infectious diseases and other public health problems) -showed that Vibrio Cholera relationship to water handle pump |
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Sporadic |
-occur occasionally and in unpredictable fashion -tentanus, typhoid fever |
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Endemic |
-continually found at a steady level in a population -common cold, lyme disease, hanta virus |
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Epidemic |
-sudden increase in morbidity and mortality -Flu H5N1, AIDS -Types: common-source and propagated |
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Pandemic |
-epidemics that spread across continents -AIDS, Flu H5N1 |
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Disease Classification (4) |
-sporadic -endemic -epidemic -pandemic |
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Reproductive rate |
-measure the potential for transmission -heard immunity, population density, etc |
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Cycle of Microbial Disease |
1. Pathogen 2. Host (reservoir) 3. Portal of exit 4. Transmission to susceptible host 5. Portal of entry |
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Reservoirs |
1. Living: humans and animals 2. Non-living: soil (fungi, worms, chostridia), water (fecal-contaminated), fomites |
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Human Reservoirs |
1. active carriers: active disease 2. healthy carrier: shows no symptoms but can pass disease to another (ex. typhoid fever) 3. chronic carriers: latent: continue to harbor microbe after recovery (ex. TB, Herpes) |
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Direct Transmission |
1. Horizontal: person to person (sexual transmission) -droplet: coughing, sneezing (etc) directly into eyes or mouth/nose; travel less than 1 meter -animal bites 2. Vertical: mother to offspring -cross placenta, passed in breast milk, during birth, developing child in first trimester |
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Indirect Transmission |
-passage of pathogens from a reservoir to an intermediate agent and then to a host 1. Vehicle-borne: via food, water,fomites 2. Airborne: aerosols- particles in air for long time and travel more than 1 meter (Hanta Virus, TB) 3. Vector: arthropods (ticks, fleas), mechanical (spread passively ex. fly), biological (part of life cycle ex. mosquito) |
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Intermediate Host |
-biological vector where sexual reproduction takes place -intermediate vs. definitive |
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Communicable Disease |
-spreads from one person to another either directly or indirectly -TB, chickenpox, herpes |
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Non-communicable Disease |
-not spread from one host to another -opportunistic infections, tetanus |
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Portals of Entry |
-body openings used by microbes to gain entry into host -mouth, nose, ears, anus, urethra, vagina, and penetration of skin |
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Portals of Exit |
-allows transmission to new hosts -can relate to area of body infected (respiratory infections like cold and flu exit nose and mouth) -invasive microbes that penetrated body may have different portals of exit |
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Nosocomial Infections (Why?) |
1. oppurtunistic: patients are already ill and have weakened immune system 2. High conc of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria 3. Invasive surgical procedures (grow biofilms) 4. Immunosuppressive therapy 5. Chain of transmission |
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Nosocomial Infections (Where?) |
-40% UTI -20% Surgical site -15% Lower Respiratory |
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Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Diseases |
1. Salmonellosis 2. Cholera 3. E. Coli 0157:H7 4.Pseudomembranous colitis 5. Botulism (Food poisoning) 6. Staphylococcal (food poisoning) |
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Upper Respiratory (Airborne) |
1. Diphtheria 2. Whooping Cough 3. Streptococcus , S. Pyrogenes 4. Meningitis |
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Lower Respiratory (Airborne) |
1. Legionnaire's disease 2. Tuberculosis |
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STD's |
1. Syphillis 2. Gonorrhea 3. Chlamydia
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Contact Diseases (Others') |
1. Peptic Ulcers 2. Leprosy (Hansen's disease) 3. Staphylococci 4. Staph 5. MRSA |
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Soilborne Diseases |
1. Anthrax 2. Tetanus
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Arthropodborne Diseases |
1. Plaque 2. Ehrlichiosis 3. Lyme Disease 4. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
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Botulism |
-Clostridium botulinum -botulinum neurotoxin -clostridium perfringens food poisoning when meat is contaminated TRANS: fecal-oral RES: soil, humans
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Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
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-Staphylococcus aureus -heat stable enterotoxin -self-limiting -RES: humans -TRANS: droplet |
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Salmonellosis |
1. Salmonella enteritidis- infects eggs TRANS: fomite, zoonotic, foodborne RES: chicken, reptiles 2. Salmonella typhi- typhoid fever -chronic carrier if stays in gallbladder TRANS: fecal-oral RES: chicken, reptiles |
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Cholera |
-Vibrio Cholera -exotoxin -Pandemics RES: water TRANS: fecal-oral |
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E.Coli 0157:H7 |
1. Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli 2. Enterotoxigenic E. Coli- traveler's diarrhea TRANS: fecal-oral RES: humans |
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Pseudomembranous colitis |
-Clostridium difficile -nosocomial infection -AB depletes normal flora and C. difficile can accumulate RES: humans TRANS: fecal-oral |
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Diphtheria |
-Corynebacterium diphtheriae -exotoxin -kills epithelial cells and accumulate into pseudomembrane -death by suffocation, "bull neck" RES: humans TRANS: airborne |
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Whooping Cough |
-Bordetella pertussis -exotoxin damages ciliated cells that clear mucus -reemerging, endemic to US RES: Humans TRANS: droplets |
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S. Pyrogenes |
-most virulent of streptococcus 1. erthythrogenic toxin strains: scarlet fever and strawberry tongue 2. Invasive S. Pyrogenes- necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome TRANS: droplets or contact with sores RES: humans (nose and throat) |
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Streptococcus |
1. Streptococcal pharyngitis- tonsilltis -long term: glomerulonephritis (kidney) and rheumatic fever (heart and joints) TRANS: RES: humans (nose and throat)
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Meningitis |
1. Neisseria meningitis- Meningococcemia -responds to AB therapy, common among college students 2. Haemophillus influenzae type b (Hib)- -children under 5 years -10% healthy people carry in nose and throat RES: humans TRANS: droplets |
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Legionnaire's Disease |
-Legionella pneumophila TRANS: aerosols, droplet RES: water (ie swamp cooler) |
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Tuberculosis |
-Mycobacterium tuberculosis -leading cause of infectious death -formation of granulomas -worsened by multiple drug-resistant strains TRANS: droplets RES: humans |
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Syphilis |
-Treponema palladium -frequently found as co-infections with other STDs (ie AIDS) -congenital syp- passes placenta 1. Primary- chancre (4 weeks) 2. Secondary- Rash (12 weeks) 3. Tertiary- Gummas (years) RES: humans and armadillos TRANS: horizontal direct, vertical |
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Gonorrhea |
-Neisseria gonorrhea -pili adhesins allow attachment during sex -PID- in 50% untreated females -Asymptomatic women can carry/transmit 10 years -ophthalmia neonatorum- vertical trans to newborn RES: humans TRANS: horizontal and vertical |
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Chlamydia |
-Chlamydia trachomatis -most common STD -obligate intracellular parasites -70% females asymptomatic -PID -50/50 chance of newborn getting eye infection RES: humans TRANS: horizontal and vertical |
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Peptic Ulcers |
-Helicobacter pylori -produces urease--> breaks down urea into NH4 and CO2 TRANS: person-to-person, fecal-oral RES: humans |
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Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) |
-Mycobacterium Leprae -lepromas- tumor-like skin lesions -neurological damage to hands feet, face -loss of ability to perceive pain in fingers and toes TRANS: droplets, extended person contact RES: humans |
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Staphyloccocus aureus |
-most virulent form of staph 1. Mersa: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus -leading cause of nosocomial infections -Impetigo: blister with yellow discharge -Scalded skin syndrome- TSS (super antigen that tricks T-cells) |
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Anthrax |
-Bacillus anthracis -biowarfare 1. inhalation (wool-sorter's disease)- inhale spore from dead animals 2. cutaneous anthrax- contact with spores 3. Gastrointestinal- eating undercooked meat RES: zoonosis TRANS: aerosols, droplet, fomite |
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Tetanus "Lockjaw" |
-Clostridium tetani -noncommunicable -tetanospasmin- deadly neurotoxin -Opisthotonos- back and rib contraction -Neonatal tetanus- common in first month of life RES: nonliving (soil, dust, manure) TRANS: |
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Plague "Black Death" |
-Yersinia pestis -highly virulent 1. Bubonic Plague- localize in lymph nodes of groin, neck, armpit (swell=buboes) RES: zoonosis (rodents like mice, rats, prairie dogs) TRANS: animal bite (flea)
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Pnuemonic Plague |
-Yersinia pestis -those with bubonic plague get pnuemonia -100% fatal w/out early treatment TRANS: droplets |
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Septicemic Plague |
-results from spread of bacteria from lungs to other parts of body -100% fatal TRANS: contact with person/fomite to nose or throat |
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Ehrlichiosis |
-intracellular bacillus -tickborne zoonosis -Ehrlichia chaffeensis- lone star tick as vector |
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Lyme Disease |
- Borrelia burgdorferi -bull's eye rash -can cause arthritis and numbness TRANS: tick bite RES: tickborne zoonosis |
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
1.Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever -Rickettsia rickettsii -tick 2. Endemic (murine) typhus -Rickettsia typhi -flea 3. Epidemic typhus -Rickettsia prowazekki -Human res; transmitted via human body louse
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Rabies |
-Rhabdovirus: (-) RNA virus -epidemic in Hungary 1721-1728 -virus enters peripheral nervous sstem -zoonotic TRANS: bite, aerosol, tissue/corneas transplant RES: coyotes, skunks, foxes, racoons
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