Infectious Diseases Exam 1

Front 1

Zoonoses

Back 1

Hotspots of emerging infectious diseases (ID)

Hint 1

Definition

Front 2

Which group of mammals infects humans the most?

Back 2

Ungulates (hooved animals)

Front 3

Fomite

Back 3

Object involved in indirect infection (example: doorknob)

Hint 3

Definition

Front 4

Zoonotic disease

Back 4

Disease transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans

Hint 4

Definition

Front 5

Factors contributing to emergence of ID

Back 5

1) Population growth

2) Urbanization

3) Deforestation

4) Climate change

5) Domestication of animals

6) Food safety

7) Pathogen mutation

8) Human health

Extra: Complacency

Hint 5

8 of them

Front 6

Reservoir

Back 6

Animate/inanimate object that serves as a long-term habitat for ID

Hint 6

Definition

Front 7

Ways of transmission

Back 7

Aerosol, oral, direct contact, vectors, and fomites

Hint 7

5 of them

Front 8

Direct, indirect, horizonal and vertical transmission

Back 8

Direct contact

Reservoir to host

Person to person

Parent to offspring

Front 9

Endemic/enzootic disease

Back 9

Always present in human/animal population

Front 10

Specificity

Back 10

Ability of test to detect only a certain antibody or antigen and not react with others. --> if low, false + results

Hint 10

Definition

Front 11

Sensitivity

Back 11

Ability of test to detect even small amount of antibody or antigen for which the test was developed. --> if low, false - result

Front 12

Immunodiagnostics

Back 12

Use the patient's immune system to indirectly or directly identify IDs. Direct= detection of antigen. Indirect= detection of antibody.

Front 13

Serum IgM

Back 13

First antibody produced, short lived, indicates current infection

Front 14

AGID

Back 14

Agar gel immuno-diffusion tests

Hint 14

Acronym

Front 15

Immunohistochemistry

Back 15

Allows identification of Ag in tissues on slides

Front 16

Agglutination test

Back 16

Ab's cross link with insoluble Ag's to form visible clumps

Front 17

Precipitation reactions

Back 17

Soluble Ag is made insoluble by an Ab

Front 18

Complement fixation test

Back 18

Determines whether complement has been bound to an Ab/Ag complex. Tests for presence of Ab in patient serum.

-Get rid of complement

-Add known Ag

-Add complement back

-Add RBC's

--> if complement has been fixed by Ab/Ag Red cells remain intact, and test is +

--> if Ab's aren't present, complement doesn't fix, red cells lyse, and test is -

Hint 18

Definition and procedure

Front 19

Fluorescent Antibody Techniques

Back 19

Used for both direct testing for Ag and indirect testing for Ab

Hint 19

Used for?

Front 20

Immunoassays

Back 20

Rapidly identify Ab or Ag

Front 21

ELISA

Back 21

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

--> Ab labeled with enzyme labels. Detects Ag directly and Ab indirectly. Color change = + result

Front 22

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Back 22

Ag or Ab labeled with radioactive isotope labels. --> can detect small amounts of Ab or Ag. Competitive binding assay

Front 23

Western Blot

Back 23

(protein immunoblot) uses electrophoresis to detect DNA, RNA, or protein. Band shows up where Ag specific Ab is present. Used to confirm specificity of ELISA

Front 24

Host factors that influence likelihood of infection

Back 24

Age, immunization status, prior illnesses, level of nutrition, pregnancy, and coexisting disease

Hint 24

6 of them

Front 25

Complement system main function

Back 25

Rapid lysis of foreign cells --> formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC)

Front 26

Alpha interferons

Back 26

Produced by lymphocytes. Induced by any infection

Front 27

Beta interferons

Back 27

Induced by viral infection

Front 28

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Back 28

1) Initial event (skin puncture, etc.)

2) Rubor (redness) and calor (heat)

3) Tumor (swelling)

4) Dolar (pain)

5) Functio laesa (loss of function)

Hint 28

5 of them

Front 29

PAMPs

Back 29

Pattern associated molecular patterns. On surface of microbes, what leukocytes use to recognize them.

Front 30

3 lines of defense against infection

Back 30

1) skin

2) cellular and chemical protection

3) acquired immunity

Front 31

What do B cells do?

Back 31

Produce antibodies

Front 32

Which immunoglobulin is only present in early-stage infection?

Back 32

IgM

Front 33

Plasma cell

Back 33

Mature B cell

Hint 33

Definition

Front 34

Which cell is part of both the innate and adaptive immune responses?

Back 34

Natural killer T cells

Front 35

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

Back 35

Recognize PAMPs

Front 36

Tuberculosis in cows

Back 36

Mycobacterium bovus, affected by badgers (meles meles). Killing badgers increased incidence of tb

Front 37

Ebola virus

Back 37

Reservoir: fruit bats

Diagnosed through blood tests, ELISA, and PCR.

Republic of Congo

Front 38

Rabies

Back 38

Rabies lyssavirus

Diagnosed by looking at saliva, serum, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies.

Afghanistan

Front 39

Plague

Back 39

Yersinia pestis in prairy dogs (cynomys Gunnisoni)

Possible reservoirs: kangaroo rats, deer mice, and grasshopper mice

MLVA used (multilocus VNTR {variable-number tandem repeats} analysis)

Front 40

Low-pathogenic avian influenza

Back 40

Backyard birds (chickens, turkeys, ducks)

Avian influenzavirus A H5N2

Front 41

Q fever

Back 41

Coxiella burnetii (heat resistant)

Main transmission: goats

Diagnosed through cell culture, histopathology, PCR, and (mostly) serology

Front 42

Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Back 42

Really common, especially in turkey. Contaminated food in grocery stores.

Front 43

Staphylococcus aureus

Back 43

Skin infections, food poisoning, and sepsis

Diagnosed with physical exams, tissue/nasal secretion samples, or coagulase test

Scotland

Front 44

Syphilis

Back 44

Treponema pallidum 50% coincidence with HIV

Diagnosed with blood test

Front 45

Leptospirosis

Back 45

Leptospira interrogans

Reservoir: rattus norvegicus

Front 46

Cholera

Back 46

Vibrio cholerae

Shellfish and plankton and water

Front 47

Botulism

Back 47

Clostridium botulinum

Foodborne, wound, infant, adult intestinal taxemia, and latrogenic botulism

Canning food wrong

Front 48

Lyme disease

Back 48

Borrelia burgdorferi

Reservoir: ticks (ixodes scapularis)

Affected by eastern chipmunks and acorns

Front 49

Brucella abortus

Back 49

Stealthy, through unpasteurized dairy.

Front 50

Anthrax

Back 50

Bacillis anthracis

Inhalation, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal