Ib Biology Option D: Evolution

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gene pool

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consists of all the genes and their different alleles present in an interbreeding popultion

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allele frequency

Back 2

commonness of the occurrence of any particular allele within a population

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species

Back 3

group of organisms of common ancestry that closely resemble each other-- are actually or potentially capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring, but do not interbreed with other species.

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population

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a group of individuals of a species, living close together, and able to interbreed.

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polyploid

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An organism with more than two sets of chromosomes

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chromosome mutations

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involve a change in the structure or number of chromosomes.

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mutation

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A sudden change in the genetic information of an organism

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autopolyploidy

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Typically, this occurs if the spindle fails in meiosis, causing diploid gametes to be formed.

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allopolyploidy

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the sets of chromosomes of a polyploid may come from two species by hybridisation

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speciation

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the formation of a new species by splitting of an existing species

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deme

Back 11

a small, isolated population.

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allopatric speciation

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originates as same species, however geographical separation causes speciation

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sympatric speciation

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originates as same species, however temporal, behavioural, chromosome mutations (polyploidy), they result in speciation.

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analogous structure

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Some organisms resemble each other in appearance or in the way they function, or both, and yet are not closely related.

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homologous structure

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they occupy similar positions in the organism, have an underlying basic structure in common, but may have evolved different functions

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gradualism

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observation of evolution by natural selection as being an exceedingly natural process
(is the slow change from one form
to another.)

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punctuated equilibria

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a massive external influence that causes the population to adapt to the unfavourable new environment
(implies long periods without appreciable change and short periods of rapid evolution.)

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disruptive selection

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two extremes of a characteristic were produced, without intermediate forms.

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transient polymorphism

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polymorphism being removed due to the decrease in natural selection pressure.
eg. industrial melanism. B. betularia (peppered moth)

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polymorphism

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Organisms that exist in two forms due to natural selection pressure

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balanced polymorphism

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the stable co-existence of two (or more) distinct types of individual in a species (or population).

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genetic evolution

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the changes in allele frequencies that result in changes in individuals and therefore in populations, brought about by natural selection.

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cultural evolution

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the development of the customs, civilisation and achievements of people.

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genetic drift

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random change in gene frequency in small isolated populations.

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adaptive radiation

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the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.

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niche

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the habitat an organism occupies and the mode of nutrition it employs

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phylogeny

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the study of evolutionary relationships

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systematics

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the study of the identification and classification of organisms.

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taxonomy

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The process of classification

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artificial classification

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classification based on analogous structures

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phylogenetic classification

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classification that may be based on similarities and differences due to close relationships between organisms because they share a common ancestor

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comparative serology

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human serum --> rabbit --> antibodies --> mix antibodies with another animal's serum --> precipitate

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cladistics

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a system of analysis of relatedness

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clade

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a branch of a phylogenetic tree containing all the organisms descended from a particular common ancestor.

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cladogram

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based on when the branches arise

'homologous. common ancestory'

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dendrogram

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he measurable similarities and differences of anatomy should be used to arrange species

'analogous. physical appeearance'