Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Weitzer (2010) 3 main headings, 3 subheadings |
didn't do woo hoo |
|
|
Weitzer (2010) What claims do prohibitionist authors make? 4 |
-levels of violence and exploitation inevitably increase in juristictions where prostitution has been legalized and regulated -Legalization leads to a proliferation of prostitution -legalization facilitates and increases sex trafficking into the jurisdiction where prostitution is legal. legalized prostitution is one of the root causes of sex trafficking and wherever prostitution is legal sex trafficking from other countries is significantly increased into both legal and illegal sex businesses in the region. -women who sell sex do not want prostitution to be decriminalized or legalized. |
|
|
Bishop (2015) Five Frameworks Some important historic details |
Prior to the 1960s, gay pornography was an underground medium consisting of stag films, prior were magazines marketed as male physique literature. after 1960s studios could market full nudity and specialized pornography (bdsm) 1970s gay video "boys in sand" prolific loosening of censorship laws 1980s at home video 1990s safer sex advocated in gay porn ‘Harms-based’. Thisframework encompasses literature that frames gay pornography in a harmful way andtypically recommends its prohibition. is reccomended to be seperated into oppression versus objection two seperate categories. Since both paradigms do not advocate the same positions of how to deal with the purportedharmful effects of gay pornography, separate frameworks would be beneficial. TheOppression paradigm literature should remain associated with the ‘Harms-based’ framework.The Objection paradigm literature should form its own framework. ‘Public Health’ framework which he notes has emergedin recent years. Originally, this framework focused upon how heterosexual pornographymay promote behaviours such as sex in exchange for money, multiple sexual partners andnot using prophylactics and how these behaviours may be correlated with sexuallytransmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy. This framework has been modified toaccommodate research that expresses concern over the impact gay pornography may havein terms of riskier sexual choices such as unprotected anal intercourse (i.e. ‘bareback’sex). ‘Public Health’ constitutes the second framework. ‘Polymorphous’5 (initially referred to as theLiberal perspective; Linz & Malamuth, 1993). According to Weitzer, Polymorphous (sex8 CJ BishopDownloaded by [James mann] at 02:38 23 April 2015 work) researchers do not subscribe to a predetermined hypothesis (i.e. Harms-basedscholars espouse the position that gay pornography is harmful before any data arecollected) and accept results regardless of their outcome. Applying this term to gaypornography research allows for the categorisation of literature which adopts a moreneutral stance. ‘GayAffirmative’, which asserts that by offering an unabashed and unapologetic depiction ofsame-sex sexual activity, gay pornography serves to affirm gay men’s identity. Given that,until recently, mainstream media largely ignored gay male sexuality (and still does inmany respects), the medium of gay pornography could be viewed as fulfilling andmaintaining a vital function by making visible gay men’s sexual desire |
|
|
I want your love STATS |
–Few sexscenes (n = 5)and greatlyfavorsplot over sex (i.e., ~ 5:1) |
|
|
Jewel and Morrison (2010) What was the purpose of anti-gay behavior?5 |
reinforce gender norms fit in with peer group reinforce heterosexuality maintain anti-gay ideology engage in thrill seeking behavior |
|
|
Jewel and Morrison (2010) What anti-gay behaviors were engaged in?4 |
warning gay men to stay away from them yelling insulting comments at gay men playing jokes on gay men telling jokes about gay men |
|
|
Woodford (2012) What is the term "that's so gay"? and what is the result of hearing the term?3 |
Homonegativity: describes all possible negative attitudes towards gay men and lesbian women. includes societal and individual derision of gmlw ways of living which can be more pervasive and harmful than overt prejudice and discrimination. people who hear this term perceive not fitting in mental health decline physical health decline |
|
|
Morrison and whithead (2007) Why did interviewees enter sex work? |
When asked to particularize how they perceived sex workers prior totheir involvement in the industry, a majority of interviewees evidencedpositive perceptions. (glamorizing it, thought it was really cool) Other participants did not report having a clearly defined perceptionof sex workers or saw them as qualitatively similar to themselves. Despite awareness of the stigma surrounding the male sex industry,only a minority of participants reported possessing negative views priorto their involvement. |
|
|
Morrison and whithead (2007) what are social perceptions about sex work? |
negative didnt' tell some partners or family members |
|
|
MODE Theory |
Motivation and opportunity as determinants theory negative attitudes activated automatically when encountering attitude object one can control these processes self-presentaition bias (social desirability) |
|
|
Turley (2011) Types of bDSM described; how to conceptualize examples 4 |
hypermasculinity, which involved acts includingwater sports, rimming and fisting; the administration of pain, which included acts such aselectrocution, caning and hot wax; humiliation, which involved verbal humiliation, flagellationand gagging; physical restriction, which included wrestling, bondage and chains. Results indicated that both heterosexual men and women engaged in significantly morebehaviours related to humiliation region of the map, whereas gay men engaged in signifi-cantly more behaviours related to the hypermasculinity region. Alison et al. concluded thatthe four sexual themes were qualitatively different, and the various facets of BDSM adoptdifferent functions and meanings for men and women. BDSM can be conceptualised as a set of interrelated behaviours, where individualsgive different prominence and personal meanings to the sexual themes |
|
|
Trish Fisher What were the different laws discussed? (more info) 3 |
*CCs. 210: Bawdy-House Laws which made it illegal for a sex worker, client or third party tooperate or be found in a place that is used for prostitution *CCs. 212(1)(j): Living on the Avails which is often referred to as the “pimping law” thatcriminalized third parties in prostitution such as those running an agency, booking clients (tracking thecalls) or offering protection (driver/bodyguard) *CCs. 213(1)(c): The Communicating Law which made it illegal for sex workers, clients and thirdparties to communicate about the exchange of sex for money in a public place, including a privatevehicle, and includes negotiations about services, prices, conditions, practices, or limits and boundaries. |
|
|
Trish Fisher |
widowers disabled people who can't committ to relationships loveless marriges |
|
|
Trish Fisher what are the safest forms of sex work? 4 |
Street prostitution these women are often portrayed as the face of the industry and are theworkers that many people are familiar with. They are the most vulnerable and face the highest levelof danger. Due to the fact that they are transient, often work alone and are out for long periods oftime through the night, they become more exposed to predators such as Robert Pickton. Outcall business the women who choose this way to operate do so through advertising on theinternet, in newspapers and phone books. They arrange to meet a client at a hotel or home andoften require a name, phone number and credit card number to aid in establishing credibility whichcan reduce their risk to potential danger. Some women employ the services of a driver and/orbodyguard or work in pairs to further increase safety. Escort Agencies - these businesses run with any number of professionals working under the samecompany and operate like the out call service. The agencies rely on advertising for business andwork to establish a regular client base. They can offer a customer choices based on type of servicerequested or personal preferences. Each agency establishes their own policies, procedures, feestructure, contracts, and services as is the case with any individual business. This method ofoperation offers increased safety if the company tracks the appointments, builds a regular base ofclientele and is able to employ drivers or bodyguards. Studios and brothels this is one of the safest ways to operate in this profession. The majoritywould operate much like a salon or barbershop where each professional is an independentcontractor working within one business. This method of work offers the least exposure to danger asthere is likely several people in the building and often a security system. There are usually set hoursof operation and shifts would be arranged between the studio and professionals to operate withinthose hours. As with the agencies, each brothel will be run according to the business practices ofthe owners/operators. There is also the added benefit of walk in business, similar to the retailenvironment, where a percentage of the customer base walk in without appointment and maybecome clients of the studio rather than a specific worker. A receptionist is typically on site tohandle the day to day running of the business. If the location is discreet and the studio provides asafe and clean environment for the service, then this becomes one of the best options for operatingthis profession in safety and out of the public eye. |
|
|
Trish Fisher Leed's university study |
nope not this one. |
|
|
Jai Richards Factual information provided, not personal definitions and facts related to transitioning |
Leaving to end. Go through slides with lecture. Lecture two. |
|
|
Morrison et all (2014) what is a slut? |
part of a larger system of racism and colonialism. powerful tool used to attack and discredit girls and women whose behavior or speech is non conforming or rebellious or who dare to hold men accountable for their actions.. a kitchen maid a women of loose charecter, a hussy undertones tgat link female sexuality to notions of physical and moral insalubility. madonna versus whore bianary a powerful tool used to label woem who did not conform to notions of virtuous femininity. used to monitor the actions of women and devalue those who were percieved to be promiscuous. it is a negative term, it applies to women rather than men, and a slut is identifiable based on her appearence and or sex related behavior |
|
|
Morrison et all (2014) what is modern sexism? |
no such thing as sexism, disqualifying it Modern sexism , which represents current manifestations of sexism, includes both older, overt forms of sexism and more subtle and less often recognized expressions. |
|
|
Morrison et all (2014) what is old fashioned sexism 4 |
denigrating women for qualities, like aggressiveness or ambition, that are seen as positive attributes in men), scrutinizing their appearance, and concentrating on their roles as dutiful wives and mothers to the exclusion of their political accomplishments and records on the issues |
|
|
Morrison et all (2014) General results from disccusants 11 |
-refers to women dressed provocatively mean spromiscuity and is negative -slut is gendered, men don't recieve flack or negativity or feel poorly about being lableled a slut -only chicks who like the attention brag about being sluts -women have a limited amount of eggs and men have million of sperm. this is a double standered. -unable to provide exact qualities or specific examples of what constitutes slutty behavior or a sluttish appearence. just that a slut has a lot of sex. -no specific number as being too many isn't a label easily gotten rid of. -participants engaged in a unique process of constructing themselves in relation to the slut. in this way they othered the slut. almost everyone has been called one even though they aren't one. -limited support of the slut walk (no knowlege of it's purpose) and didn't get it or know what it was about. -almost a personal attack on cop who was "trying to give good advice" -lots of contradictions -double standard allows men more sexual freedom |
|
|
What are the faults with pornography research? 5 |
1) Inconsistant operational definitions which uses inconsistant languance and makes it difficult to interpret the research as a whole. 2) often reinforces a traditional view of male and female sexuality (men are active consumers, women passive non-consumers) 3)the experience of viewing porn is removed from it's origional context and origional function (difficult to recreate situation where porn is used in homes, ect) 4)endorses a simplistic view of media exposure (phenomena of cross-gender identification may be ignored) 5)selection of variables tends to be quite narrow (many times data is collected to reinforce one's philosophical beliefs) |
|
|
How do certain men resist hegemonic masculinity? who are they? clarify answer ** |
-middleclass men more often claim to respect women and desire an egalitarian or equal relationship -lamonte describes how this may be a smoke screen to maintain gender inequality desired partners who are accomplished ambitious and independant (not finantially reliant)secure in masculinity-- not concerned by having an equal partner -the few men who sought a more traditional breadwinner relationship did not seek more "power". (they just wanted someone to stay home and be reliant on them)don't have a problem if they make more money.took great pains to distance themselves from the promiscuous, disrespectful, dominating and superficial male respectful of women's boundries, not being sexually forceful (no substence to their responses)I'm not like other men. (great, how so? no real substance)I find in a relationship it's more rewarding.these are hollow answers. accepting of undesirable traits : not most beautiful woman i could have (but that doesn't matter) if that doesn't matter why is it brought up? what's so special about you?being sole earner is a BURDEN (laziness?)paying for first date is "something they wanted to do" chivalry biggest point of contention was last names. men wanted wives to take last name. |
|
|
Carrigan (2011) definitions of core concepts |
anti-sex |
|
|
Carrigan (2011) What is AVEN'S definition of asexuality? |
‘someone who does not experience sexual attraction |
|
|
Carrigan (2011) What trajectory do asexual people take to self-discovery? 5/6 |
that distinguishing between the sexual and the nonsexualis a crucial part of coming to an asexual identity. adolescent experience gives rise to a sense of difference from a peer group, provokingself-questioning and the assumption of pathology (i.e. ‘I thought there might besomething wrong with me’) before self-clarification is attained through the acquisitionof a communal identity. As well as coming to some awareness of this difference, inevitably under theirown descriptions, it must constitute something to be explained before it sparks selfquestioning When self-questioning begins to take place, the individual attempts to make senseof their apparent difference by forming explanations of it. In a very important sensethis process is, at least tacitly, a theoretical one; the individual tries out differenthypotheses in the search for one that ‘fits’ (a term which came up repeatedly in thequestionnaires) and facilitates self-clarification. The acquisition of a communal identity serves to ward off pathology and ambiguity,as an individual sense of difference gives way to the sense of a shared communaltrait. |
|
|
Findings of MacInnis and Hodson (2012) 8 |
•Evidenceof sexual minority prejudice with the greatest toward asexual people •Asexualswere awarded significantly lower human traits than any other group •Asexualswere less likely to be seen as possessing human emotions •Participantsleast preferred future interactions with asexual people •Attitudestoward asexuals were not found to be related to singlism •Although“sapiosexuality” was less known than asexuality, more negative attitudes werereported for asexual people •Althoughthe trends in the results were the same, the means of the scores for study 2were more positive than study 1 •Menrated asexual people as more “animalistic” than women in the community sample |
|
|
Elements of Asexual online community |
There are two divisions of the asexual community: anti-sexuals: people who think a sexual people are better than those who are not, anyone who pursues or enjoys sex should also be percieved as the enemy includeing elements of masturbation as true asexuals do not masturbate aven is the hub of the asexual community and has two disticnt goals: 1) create public acceptance and discussion of asexuality to facilitate the growth of an asexual community in addition they advocate 2) peaceful coexistence with the rest of society. individual identification as asexual no one else can define it for you. aven works closely with researchers seeking to recruit asexual individuals for studies. |
|
|
Sexual response cycle 4 /5 |
HSDD based on human sexual response cycle (HRSC;Masters & Johnson, 1966)´The HRSC is supposed to encompass “natural” or“normal” human functioning Four Phases: 1)Excitement (Arousal) 2)Plateau Phase 3)Orgasmic Phase 4)Resolution Phase |
|
|
Undirected sex drive |
some asexual people may not be sexually attracted to somebody else but may still have sexual desire. they take care of that desire through masturbation. |
|
|
Yule, brotto and Gorzalka (2013) findings 6 |
1) Asexualrespondents were more likely to report the presence of mood or anxietydisorders. 2) Asexual and non-heterosexual respondents reported similar scores on suicidality items 3) Asexualmen provided higher scores on the “cold” subscale 4) Asexualmen reported being more “socially avoidant” and “non-assertive” thanheterosexual men 5) Asexualwomen scored higher on the “vindictive” subscale than heterosexual women 6) Asexualwomen scored higher on the “cold,” “socially avoidant” and “non-assertive”subscales compared to other women participants |
|
|
Stats |
1% of the population is asexual |
|
|
Generalizability (how to interpret research) |
Generalizing or Generalizability is another way of saying "ecological validity". Essentially this is the extent to which findings (from a study) can be generalized (or extended) to the those in natural settings (i.e., outside the lab). In virtually all studies there is a trade-off between experimental control and generalizability, but obviously you want to have both. The more control psychologists exert in a study the less they may be able to generalize. For example, when we take people out of their natural environment and study them in the lab, we are exerting some control over them and, as a result, possibly limiting how much we can generalize the findings to all people in natural settings. |
|
|
Definitions and alologys brovided by bem and Fausto-Sterling |
nope |
|
|
Money shot 4 |
Extreme pornography is an act which threatens a persons life or an acct which results in or is likely to result in serious injury to a persons anus, breasts, or genitals Triple -A engine accessibility, affordability, anonymity Money shot- -This isconsidered to be the most important element of a scene in contemporaryporn -There are 4reasons which attempt to explain why it is considered so important: 1)Suggests thesex is recreational and not procreative. 2)Confirms the“realness” of the sexual encounter. 3)Emphasizes theimportance of male pleasure 4)Re-affirmsmasculinity (i.e., ejaculate as life essence) |
|
|
Three broad objections to sex work |
Sentimentalist sex between client and prostitute is cold and emotionally impoverished only purpose is to get off sex between committed partners is seen as more meaningful and passionate better quality sex isn't good without emotion objections may be instances where sex between prostitute and client is more intimate than between partners loveless marriage girlfriend experience what does perceived quality have to do with morality? Moral Conservative objections to sex work sexual practices ranked based on their proximity to marriage, reproduction and love sex within the parameters of prostitution is far removed from these purposes, thus immoral also embraces the protestant work ethic people should work hard and be frugal prostitutes viewed as contravening this work ethic-- prostitutes are lazy and need to get real jobs Counter arguments to moral objections why should sex be between married persons be accorded greater value than sex between prostitute and client? how does one know that prostitutes are lazy? do prostitutes not have skills or traits required? Anti Sex-work Feminists views sex work as inherently oppressive and exploitative women are objectified by men and reduced to sex objects through prostitution economics women are forced to resort to prostitution views sex work as inherently oppressive and exploitive objections to anti sex work feminist what about women who say they choose to be prostitutes? ate these feminists not telling them they don't know their own mind? does this not reinforce what they are supposedly fighting? |
|
|
What is slut discourse? 5 |
-way to keep women in check -evolutionary theory possible questions about paternities if women are premiscous. -partially defined by how women dressthis has implications for rape: did you see what she was wearing? -high status afforded more sexual privlage low status rebel against this inequity by using sexual stigma/employing sexual stigma -does not work.doesn't do anything except maintain the status que. |
|
|
What is feg discourse? |
Although “feg” refers to homosexuality, feg discourse is not just abouthomophobia. “Feg” is the opposite of masculine. “A boy could get calleda feg for exhibiting any sort of behavior defined as non-masculine(although not necessarily behaviors aligned with femininity) in the worldof River High: being stupid, incompetent, dancing, caring too much aboutclothing, being too emotional or expressing interest (sexual or platonic) inother guys.” |
|
|
What is hogging? 4 |
-men seeking women who are considered overweight or unattractive to satisfy sexual urges. -heterosexual practice many neutralizing techniques used to justify behavior:denial of victim -denial of responsibility appeal to higher loyalty -denial of injury -condemming condemmers |
|
|
What are the rules of gender 5; bigenderism |
-there are two, and only two, genders. -ones gender is invariant-- it does not change. genitals are the essential signs of gender any exceptions are not serious (anyone who isn't quite male or female is not taken seriously as who they are--- needing change, something is wrong with them by society's expectations) -there are no transfers from one gender to another except for ceremonial ones (no way someone born male can become female and vice versa) -this is the natural (way nature intended it) way of things (or religious, god)membership in one gender or the other is natural(the way it's supposed to be, natural) -when you take society and deconstruct how society views gender these are the assumptions. bigenderism means that no deviations, variations, and or exceptions from the norm are allowed which means that Intolerance-- imposing one's views on other people and isolation of people who may not adhere to those stereotypes |
|
|
What is bdsm? |
BDSM(3-in-1)B&D à bondage and discipline D/sàdomination/submission Sadomasochism BDSM& SM used interchangeably |
|
|
What are the types of BDSM 7 |
1)D/s – Domination / submissioncollars,rituals, slavery, punishment 2)Bondage leather,rope (restraint), suspensions, mummification 3)Impact spanking,flogging, canes, whips 4)Electrical and Medical shockplay, cattle prods, piercing, catheterization 5)Sex play and sensationanal,vaginal, fire, ice, biting, punching 6)Psychological aspects relationships,threats of violence, trust, personal fears 7)Edge and fetish breath,cutting, branding, latex/rubber |
|
|
What is a Scene? (bdsm) |
-Thebubble in which BDSMactivity occurs -Separatefrom reality - Can encompass literally anythingNazi,Spy torture, slave auctions, bondage, race play etc. -Performativeeffect on players Participatingin the scene has implications for the players Many meant to be a satire of reality Transgressionsof what is accepted in society |
|
|
What are issues in the BDSM community? |
-Cananyone be a BDSM practioner?Yesand NoIt’sall about the accoutrement (equipment)!Topractice on one’s own, home made equipment could be usedThisis frowned upon in the BDSM communityCanbe seen as “fashionistas” -Likelyonly middle/upper class can afford to participate risk aware consensual sex versus safe sane consentual |
|
|
What are three theories of homonegativity? |
Old Fashioned homonegative behaviours are -overt and to the point: -based on moralistic objections -Religious objections -myths -strict adherence to normality -alg considered gold standard -behaviours include gay bashing, destruction of property and direct name calling Modern Homonegativity -reflects one or more of the following beliefs (gmlw are making illegitimate demands for changes in status quo Internalized homonegativity -a set of negative attitudes and affect towards homosexuality in others and towards features in themselves. -experienced by gmlw as opposed to heterosexual people |
|
|
justifications for hogging * 4 |
Denial of victim overweight women deserve to be the objects of jokes and bets. if they would take better care of themselves it's their choice to be that way. because they don't take an idea of esthetic seriously they deserve ridicule.overweightlonelynot normaldesperatewomen who deviate from the stereotypical beauty and thin ideas are not Truely women as well.used to reinforce masculinity and bolster selfconfidence.if you yourself are undesirable, you can either be an *******, have an sti ect, you'll bolster the confidence by reinforcing hegemonic masculinity. Appeal to higher loyalty, denial of responsibility not their fault because they were drinking or in a dry spell and haven't had sex in a while "lowering expectations".ALWAYS due to being drunk-- not a single case in which alcohol didn't have a place in the story.done to save face or look better with their friends jumping on a grenade one friend will pick up undesirable friend so his friend can have the better looking one (wingman) Denial of injury it's all just a game. games are fun, aren't they?i don't do it but it's hilariousno concern that the women involved might be hurt or humiliatedclaim that these women that are targeted are getting attention and recieving sexual grattification and that they should be thankful for that and it's alleviating any harm that's done. Condemnation of condemmers kept in check by the sexual conquest, those who criticize the practice ---" I got a blow job, what did you get?"attempting to immasculate people who might criticize or claim foul by using the sex acts. |
