Human Physiology And Anatomy: Test 1

Front 1

This is the study of form

Back 1

Anatomy

Front 2

This is the study of function

Back 2

Physiology

Front 3

What are the subdisciplines in anatomy?

Back 3

Gross anatomy

Histology

Cytology

Front 4

This is the study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Back 4

Gross anatomy

Front 5

This is microscopic anatomy-- examination of tissues with a microscope

Back 5

Histology

Front 6

Study of structure and function of cells

Back 6

Cytology

Front 7

This is cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships

Back 7

Cadaver dissection

Front 8

This is the study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends

Back 8

Comparative anatomy

Front 9

What are the names for examining the structure of the human body?

Back 9

Inspection

Palpation

Auscultation

Percussion

Front 10

This means that the anatomy is visible to the naked eye

Back 10

Gross anatomy

Front 11

About what percent of human anatomy conforms to the anatomy found in textbooks?

Back 11

About 70%

Front 12

What is the typical reference man?

Back 12

22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity and consumes 2800 kcals/day

Front 13

What is the typical reference woman?

Back 13

Same as a man except 128 lbs and 2000 kcals/day

Front 14

Normal position of organs

Back 14

Situs Solitus

Front 15

Complete reversal of all organs

Back 15

Situs Inversus

Front 16

The heart being situated on the right side of the body instead of the left

Back 16

Dextrocardia

Front 17

Malposition of any organ (like the kidney)

Back 17

Situs persus

Front 18

Physiology of the nervous system

Back 18

Neurophysiology

Front 19

Physiology of hormones

Back 19

Endocrinology

Front 20

Mechanisms of disease

Back 20

Pathophysiology

Front 21

This is the study of different species

Back 21

Comparative physiology

Front 22

This man was a Greek physician and the "Father of Medicine"

Back 22

Hippocrates

Front 23

What is the hierarchy of complexity?

Back 23

Organism

organ system

organs

tissues

cells

organelles

molecules

atoms

Front 24

Single, complete individual

Back 24

Organism

Front 25

Group of organs with a unique college function

Back 25

Organ system

Front 26

Structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

Back 26

Organ

Front 27

A mass of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ that performs a specific function

Back 27

Tissues

Front 28

The smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life.

Back 28

Cells

Front 29

Nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive

Back 29

Cells

Front 30

Microscopic structures in cells that carry out individual functions

Back 30

Organelles

Front 31

Proteins, fats, and DNA. Composed of at least 2 atoms

Back 31

Molecules

Front 32

The smallest particles with unique identities

Back 32

Atoms

Front 33

What are the characteristics of life?

Back 33

Organization

Cellular composition

Metabolism and excretion

Responsiveness and movement

Homeostasis

Development

Reproduction

Evolution

Front 34

Far high level of organization in living things and the breakdown of this characteristic of life is accompanied by disease and death.

Back 34

Organization

Front 35

Compartmentalization in one or more cells

Back 35

Cellular Composition

Front 36

The sum of all internal chemical changes

Back 36

Metabolism

Front 37

Complex molecules synthesized from simple ones

Back 37

Anabolism

Front 38

Complex molecules broken down into simple ones

Back 38

Catabolism

Front 39

This characteristic of life produces chemical waste that becomes toxic upon accumulation

Back 39

Metabolism

Front 40

This is the elimination of waste from the tissues and removal from the body

Back 40

Excretion

Front 41

The is the ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli

Back 41

Responsiveness

Front 42

Most living organisms are capable of some form of self-propelled ____.

Back 42

Movement

Front 43

Although the environment around the organism may change, it maintains relatively stable internal conditions

Back 43

Homeostasis

Front 44

Change in form and function over time

Back 44

Development

Front 45

This part of life consists of 2 different parts: differentiation and growth

Back 45

Development

Front 46

This part of development is the transformation of cells with no specific function into cells that are committed to a particular task

Back 46

Differentiation

Front 47

This part of development is simply an increase in size

Back 47

Growth

Front 48

All living things can produce copies of themselves

Back 48

Reproduction

Front 49

All living things exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve

Back 49

Evolution

Front 50

This person believed that "stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions" existed

Back 50

Claude Bernard

Front 51

This person coined the term "homeostasis"

Back 51

Walter Cannon

Front 52

Can there be fluctuation within a limited range around a set point for homeostasis?

Back 52

Yes

Front 53

A loss of ____ control causes illness or death

Back 53

homeostasis

Front 54

This is when the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

Back 54

Negative feedback loop

Front 55

Humans do this when the brain senses change in blood temperature

Back 55

Human thermoregulation

Front 56

Vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins

Back 56

Vasodilation

Front 57

vessels constrict in the skin and shivering begins

Back 57

Vasoconstriction

Front 58

This is shivering

Back 58

vasoconstriction

Front 59

This is sweating

Back 59

Vasodilation

Front 60

What are the 3 components of a feedback loop?

Back 60

Receptor, integrating control center, effector

Front 61

This part of a feedback loop senses change in the body

Back 61

Receptor

Front 62

This part of the feedback loop control center that processes the sensory information, 'makes a decision', and directs the response

Back 62

Integrating control center

Front 63

This part of the feedback loop carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

Back 63

Effector

Front 64

What is another name for a positive feedback loop?

Back 64

Self-amplifying change

Front 65

This leads to change in the same direction

Back 65

Self-amplifying change

Front 66

When does a positive feedback loop occur?

Back 66

Childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, generation of nerve signals

Front 67

What's an example of a harmful positive feedback loop?

Back 67

Temperature above 108 degrees

Front 68

This was discovered by William Roentgen in 1885

Back 68

Radiography

Front 69

This penetrates tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body

Back 69

Radiography

Front 70

What makes up over half of all medical imagining?

Back 70

Radiography

Front 71

What kind of substances are injected or swallowed and fill hollow structures like blood vessels and intestinal tract to help visualize them?

Back 71

Radiopaque substances

Front 72

This is a low-intensity X rays and computer analysis using slice-type imaging.

Back 72

CT (Computer tomoraphy) Scan

Front 73

What kind of imaging is used in CT scans

Back 73

Slice-type imaging

Front 74

What does PET scan stand for?

Back 74

Positron Emission Tomography scan

Front 75

These types of scan assess metabolic statue of tissues and distinguish tissues most active at a given moment

Back 75

PET scan

Front 76

How do PET scans work?

Back 76

1. Inject radioactively labeled glucose

2. Positrons and electrons collide

3. Gamma rays given off

4. Detected by sensor

5. Analyzed by computer

6. Image color shows which tissues were using the most glucose at the moment

7. Damaged tissues appear dark

Front 77

This medical imaging tool uses slice type image but are superior to a CT scan

Back 77

MRI

Front 78

This type of medical imaging is best for soft tissues

Back 78

MRI

Front 79

What are the mechanics of MRIs?

Back 79

1. Alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves.

2. Varying levels of energy given off used by computer to produce an image

Front 80

This is the second oldest and second most widely used form of medical imaging

Back 80

Sonography

Front 81

What is the second most widely used form of medical imaging?

Back 81

Sonography

Front 82

What are the mechanics of Sonography?

Back 82

High frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs

Front 83

What is a reason to use sonography?

Back 83

They avoid harm x-rays for obstetrics

Front 84

This is the position when a person stands erect, feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, palms, eyes, and face facing forward.

Back 84

Anatomical position

Front 85

This is the standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions and dissections

Back 85

Anatomical position

Front 86

In this forearm position, palms face upwards, and radius and ulna are parallel

Back 86

Supine position

Front 87

In this forearm position, palms face downwards, radius and ulna are crossed

Back 87

Prone position

Front 88

This plane divides the body into right and left halves

Back 88

Sagittal plane

Front 89

This plane divides the body into front and back portions

Back 89

Coronal (Frontal) plane

Front 90

This plane divides the body into upper and lower portions

Back 90

Transverse plane

Front 91

Toward the front or belly

Back 91

Ventral

Front 92

Toward the back, or spine

Back 92

Dorsal

Front 93

Toward the ventral side

Back 93

Anterior

Front 94

Toward the dorsal side

Back 94

Posterior

Front 95

Above

Back 95

Superior

Front 96

Below

Back 96

Inferior

Front 97

Toward the medial plane

Back 97

Medial

Front 98

Away from the medial plane

Back 98

Lateral

Front 99

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

Back 99

Proximal

Front 100

Farther from the attachment or origin

Back 100

Distal

Front 101

Closer to the body surface

Back 101

Superficial

Front 102

Farther from the body surface

Back 102

Deep

Front 103

This region is the head, neck, and trunk

Back 103

Axial region

Front 104

This is the region of the axial region that is above diaphragm

Back 104

Trunk

Front 105

This is the region of the axial region that is below the diaphragm

Back 105

Abdomen

Front 106

These regions are the upper and lower limbs

Back 106

Appendicular region

Front 107

What are the parts that make up the upper limbs?

Back 107

Brachium, antebrachium, carpus, manus, digits

Front 108

What are the parts that make up the lower limbs?

Back 108

Thigh, crus, tarsus, pes, and digits

Front 109

What are the 2 major body cavities?

Back 109

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Front 110

What are the 2 parts of the dorsal cavity?

Back 110

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Front 111

What are cavities that make up the ventral cavity?

Back 111

Thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity

Front 112

What are body cavities filled with?

Back 112

Viscera

Front 113

This is another word for body organs

Back 113

Viscus

Front 114

In the thoracic cavity, this word describes "organs separating left from pleural cavities."

Back 114

Mediastinum

Front 115

What makes up the mediastinum?

Back 115

Heart, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

Front 116

What cavity carries the lungs?

Back 116

Pleural cavity

Front 117

This membrane covers the lungs

Back 117

Visceral pleural

Front 118

This membrane lines the rib cage

Back 118

Parietal pleural

Front 119

This is the pericardial membrane that covers the heart

Back 119

Visceral pericardium

Front 120

This is the pericardial membrane that lines the pericardial sac

Back 120

Parietal pericardium

Front 121

What separates the abdomen and the pelvic cavity?

Back 121

The pelvic brim

Front 122

What cavity contains the GI tract, kidneys, and ureters

Back 122

Abdominal cavity

Front 123

What cavity contains the rectum, bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs?

Back 123

Pelvic cavity

Front 124

What are the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 124

Visceral and parietal peritoneum

Front 125

What membranes suspends the intestines?

Back 125

The dorsal mesentary

Front 126

What is the mesentary of the large intestine?

Back 126

Mesocolon

Front 127

This membrane hangs from the stomach and transverse colon

Back 127

Greater omentum

Front 128

This membrane extends from the stomach to the liver

Back 128

Lesser omentum

Front 129

These are spaces found between two tissue layers normally pressed firmly together, but can fill with fluid in unusual circumstances

Back 129

Potential space

Front 130

How many organ systems are in your body?

Back 130

11

Front 131

The principle organs of this system are skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

Back 131

Integumentary system

Front 132

The principle functions of this organ system are: protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication

Back 132

Integumentary system

Front 133

The principle organs of this system are: bones, cartilages, ligaments

Back 133

Skeletal system

Front 134

The principle functions of this system are: support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Back 134

Skeletal system

Front 135

The principle organs of this system are: skeletal muscles

Back 135

Muscular system

Front 136

The principle functions of this system are: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production

Back 136

Muscular system

Front 137

The principle organs of this system lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen ,tonsils, and thymus

Back 137

Lymphatic System

Front 138

The principal functions of this organ system are: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease

Back 138

Lymphatic System

Front 139

The principal organs of this system are: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Back 139

Respiratory system

Front 140

The principal functions of this organ system are: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, and speech

Back 140

Respiratory system

Front 141

This principle organs of this system are: the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Back 141

Urinary system

Front 142

The principle functions of this system are: elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; and detoxification

Back 142

Urinary system

Front 143

The principal organs of this system are the brain, spinal chord, nerves, and ganglia

Back 143

Nervous system

Front 144

The principal functions of this system are: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation

Back 144

Nervous system

Front 145

The principal organs of this system are: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, and ovaries

Back 145

Endocrine system

Front 146

The principal functions of this system are: hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination

Back 146

Endocrine system

Front 147

The principal organs in this system are: heart and blood vessels

Back 147

Circulatory system

Front 148

The principal functions of this system are: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Back 148

Circulatory system

Front 149

The principal organs of this system are: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Back 149

Digestive systm

Front 150

The principal functions of this system are: nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins, disposal of drugs, toxins and hormones; and cleansing of the blood

Back 150

Digestive system

Front 151

What are the parts of Cell Theory?

Back 151

1. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.

2. Cell is the simplest functional unit of life.

3. Organisms structure and functions are due to activities of the cells

4. Cells come only from preexisting cells

5. Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities

Front 152

This cell shape is thin and flat

Back 152

Squamous

Front 153

This cell shape is irregularly angular with 4 or more sides

Back 153

Polygonal

Front 154

This cell shape is squarish

Back 154

Cuboidal

Front 155

This cell shape is taller than wide

Back 155

Columnar

Front 156

This cell shape is roud

Back 156

Spheroid

Front 157

This cell shape is disc-shaped

Back 157

Discoid

Front 158

This cell shape is star-shaped

Back 158

Stellate

Front 159

This cell shape is thick in the middle and tapered at the ends

Back 159

Fusiform

Front 160

This cell shape is threadlike

Back 160

Fibrous

Front 161

What is the size of most human cells?

Back 161

10-15 micrometers

Front 162

What are the limitations of cell size?

Back 162

Cell growth increases volume faster than surface area; nutrient absorption and waste removal utilize surface

Front 163

This part of the cell defines cell boundaries, controls interactions with other cells, and controls the passage of material in and out of the cell

Back 163

Plasma membrane

Front 164

This is an oily film of lipids with diverse proteins embedded in it

Back 164

Plasma membrane

Front 165

What % of lipids is the plasma membrane made of?

Back 165

98%

Front 166

This part of the plasma membranes is made up of lipids (making up 75% of the lipids of the p.m.) with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Back 166

Phospholipid bilayer

Front 167

This part of the plasma membrane has molecular motion that creates membrane fluidity.

Back 167

Phospholipid bilayer

Front 168

This part of the plasma membrane affects membrane fluidity (a low concentration makes it rigid, high concentration makes it fluid). It makes up 20% of the lipid amount of the p.m.

Back 168

Cholesterol

Front 169

This is the carbohydrate coating on a cell surface

Back 169

Glycocaylx

Front 170

This part of the plasma membrane contributes to the glycocalyx and make up 5% of the total lipid amount of the p.m.

Back 170

Glycolipids

Front 171

These make up 2% of the molecules of the plasma membrane and 50% of the weight

Back 171

Membrane proteins

Front 172

These membrane proteins pass completely through the membrane and most are glycoproteins

Back 172

Transmembrane proteins

Front 173

These membrane proteins adhere to the membrane surface and are anchored in the cytoskeleton

Back 173

Peripheral proteins

Front 174

These use cell communication via chemical signals

Back 174

Membrane receptors

Front 175

These part of the cell bind chemicals, like hormones and neurotransmitters, and identify them with receptor specificty

Back 175

Membrane receptors

Front 176

In this system, the chemical messenger binds to a surface receptor, receptor activates G protein, G protein binds to adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP, etc.

Back 176

2nd messenger system

Front 177

These parts of the plasma membrane break down chemical messengers to stop their signaling effects and produce second messengers

Back 177

Membrane enzymes

Front 178

Do membrane enzymes produce second messengers?

Back 178

Yes

Front 179

These are transmembrane proteins with pores, some that constantly open, some that use gated channels that open and close in response to stimuli

Back 179

Membrane channel proteins

Front 180

These parts of the plasma membrane are important in nerve signal and muscle contraction

Back 180

Membrane channel proteins

Front 181

These use ligland (chemically) regulated genes, voltage related genes, and mechanically regulated genes

Back 181

Membrane channel proteins

Front 182

These parts of the plasma membrane are transmembrane proteins that bind to solutes and transfer them across the membrane

Back 182

Membrane carriers or pumps

Front 183

These, in the plasma membrane, are carriers that consume ATP

Back 183

Pumps

Front 184

These parts of the plasma membrane adhere cells to eachother and to extracellular material

Back 184

Membrane cell-adhesion molecules

Front 185

These parts of the plasma membrane enable the body to identify "self" from foreign invaders.

Back 185

Membrane cell-identity markers

Front 186

What forms the glycocalyx?

Back 186

Glycoproteins

Front 187

What acts as the cells identity tag?

Back 187

Glycocalyx

Front 188

This is the unique fuzzy cell surface

Back 188

Glycocalyx

Front 189

What does the glycocalyx function as?

Back 189

Cell recognition

Adhesion

Protection

Front 190

Is the glycocalyx identical in identical twins?

Back 190

Yes

Front 191

These are extensions of the cell membrane that contain actin and function to increase the surface area of the cell and milking action of actin

Back 191

Microvilli

Front 192

In microvilli, where are actin filaments found?

Back 192

In the center of the microvilli

Front 193

These are hairlike processes, 7-10 micrometers long

Back 193

Cilia

Front 194

A single, nonmotile ____ is found on nearly every cell

Back 194

Cilium

Front 195

These are sensory in ear, retina, and nasal cavity

Back 195

Cilia

Front 196

In motile ____, these beat in waves and power strokes are followed by recovery strokes.

Back 196

Cilia

Front 197

What's the structure of the cilia?

Back 197

9+2 axoneme structure

Front 198

This is a hereditary disease where chloride pumps fail to create adequate saline layer under mucus.

Thick mucus plugs pancreatic ducts and respiratory tracts.

Back 198

Cystic fibrosis

Front 199

This disease causes inadequate absorption of nutrients and oxygen, lung infections, and a life expectancy of age 30.

Back 199

Cystic fibrosis

Front 200

These are whiplike structures with axoneme identical to cilium, although much longer than cilium

Back 200

Flagella

Front 201

What's the only functional flagellum in the body?

Back 201

Tail of sperm

Front 202

Does passive transport require ATP?

Back 202

No

Front 203

This is movement down a concentration gradient, filtration and simple diffusion are examples of this

Back 203

Passive Transport

Front 204

This is movement against a concentration gradient

Back 204

Active transport

Front 205

Does Active Transport require ATP?

Back 205

Yes

Front 206

Carrier mediated (facilitated diffusion and active transport) and vesicular transport are example of this kind of transport

Back 206

Active Transport

Front 207

This is movement of particles through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure

Back 207

Filtration

Front 208

Is filtration active or passive transport?

Back 208

Passive

Front 209

Examples of this kind of passive transport are: filtration of nutrients from blood capillaries into tissue fluids and filtration of wastes from the blood in the kidneys

Back 209

Filtration

Front 210

This is net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, also known as movement down the concentration gradient

Back 210

Simple diffusion

Front 211

What are some factors that affect diffusion rates through a membrane?

Back 211

Temperature, molecular weight, steepness of concentration gradient, membrane surface area, and membrane permeability

Front 212

What diffuses through the lipid bilayer?

Back 212

Nonpolar, hydrophobic substances

Front 213

What diffuses through channel proteins?

Back 213

Water and hydrophilic solutes

Front 214

How do cells control permeability?

Back 214

Through regulating the number of channel proteins

Front 215

This is diffusion of water through a membrane (from an area of more water to an area of less water)

Back 215

Osmosis

Front 216

This is equal to 1 mole of dissolved particles

Back 216

1 osmole

Front 217

What is the equation to find osmolarity?

Back 217

#of osmoles/L of solution

Front 218

This is the ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell

Back 218

Tonicity

Front 219

This type of solution has a low concentration of nonpermeating solutes (high water concentration)

Back 219

Hypotonic solution

Front 220

In this type of solution, cells absorb water and may burst (lyse)

Back 220

Hypotonic solution

Front 221

This has a high concentration of nonpermeating solutes and low water concentration

Back 221

Hypertonic solution

Front 222

In this tonic situation, cells lose water and crenate

Back 222

Hypertonic solution

Front 223

This is a normal saline soltuion

Back 223

Isotonic solution

Front 224

This is when proteins carry solutes across a cell membrane

Back 224

Carrier mediated transport

Front 225

What are 2 examples of carrier mediated transport?

Back 225

Facilitated diffusion and active transport

Front 226

In carrier mediated transport, a ____ binds to a specific receptor site on a carrier protein

Back 226

solute

Front 227

How does carrier mediated transport differ from membrane enzymes?

Back 227

The solutes are unchanged

Front 228

This is the transport rate when all carrier are occupied

Back 228

Transport maximum

Front 229

This type of membrane carrier carries only one solute at a time

Back 229

Uniporter

Front 230

This type of membrane carrier carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction (cotransport)

Back 230

Symporter

Front 231

This carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions (counter transport)

Back 231

Antiporter

Front 232

This sodium potassium pump is an example of which kind of membrane carrier?

Back 232

Antiporter

Front 233

This is a transport of solute down a concentration gradient, no ATP required

Back 233

Facilitated diffusion

Front 234

How does facilitated diffusion work?

Back 234

A solute binds to a carrier, it changes shape then releases solute on the other side of a membrane

Front 235

This pump is needed because Na+ and K+ constantly leak through a membrane

Back 235

Sodium-potassium pump

Front 236

How does the Sodium-potassium pump work?

Back 236

1 ATP is utilized to exchange 3 Na+ pushed out for two K+ brought into the cell

Front 237

This pump functions in regulation of the cell volume, heat production, maintainence of membrane potential in all cells, and secondary active transport

Back 237

Sodium-potassium pump

Front 238

Does secondary active transport use ATP?

Back 238

No

Front 239

In the regulation of cell volume of the sodium-potassium pump, what attracts cat ions, causing osmosis?

Back 239

Fixed anions

Front 240

What's another name for secondary active transport?

Back 240

SGLT; sodium-glucose transport protein

Front 241

This simultaneously binds Na+ and glucose and carries both into the cell at once. It absorbs glucose and prevents it from being wasted in the urine.

Back 241

SGLT; sodium-glucose transport protein

Front 242

This type of transport is used to transport large particles or droplets of fluid through membranes in vesicles

Back 242

Vesicular transport

Front 243

Does vesicular transport use ATP?

Back 243

Yes

Front 244

This is transport out of a cell

Back 244

Exocytosis

Front 245

This is transport into a cell

Back 245

Endocytosis

Front 246

Engulfing large particles

Back 246

Phagocytosis

Front 247

Taking in fluid droplets

Back 247

Pinocytosis

Front 248

Taking in specific particles bound to receptors

Back 248

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 249

Does pinocytosis occur in all humans?

Back 249

Yes

Front 250

In this process, the membrane caves in, and then pinches off into the cytoplasm as a pinocytotic vesicle

Back 250

Pinocytosis

Front 251

This is selective endocytosis and have receptor specificity, also called Clathrin-coated vesicle in cytoplasm

Back 251

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Front 252

This is transport of a substance across a cell

Back 252

Transcytosis

Front 253

How this works: receptor mediated endocytosis moves it into a cell and exocytosis moves it out of a cell (transporting it across the cell)

Back 253

Transcytosis

Front 254

People with this disease have abnormally low LDL receptors, and therfore their cells absorb less cholesterol than normal

Back 254

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Front 255

If the gene for this disease is inherited from both parents, the sufferer will have a heart attack before age 20 and seldom survive beyond 30 years of age

Back 255

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Front 256

What are the 3 structures in the cytoplasm?

Back 256

Organelles, Cytoskeleton, and Inclusions

Front 257

What organelles are not bordered by a membrane?

Back 257

Ribosome, centrosome, centriole, basal bodies

Front 258

This is made of microfilaments and microtubules

Back 258

Cytoskeleton

Front 259

These are stored products

Back 259

Inclusions

Front 260

This is the largest organelle

Back 260

Nucleus

Front 261

This is a 2 unit membrane held together by nuclear pores

Back 261

Nuclear envelope

Front 262

Made up of chromatin and nucleoli

Back 262

Nucleoplasm

Front 263

This is DNA and protein in the nucleus

Back 263

Chromatin

Front 264

These are dark masses where ribosomes are produced

Back 264

Nucleoli

Front 265

These are parallel flattened membranous sacs covered with ribosomes, continuous with nuclear envelope and smooth ER,

Back 265

Rough ER

Front 266

These synthesize packaged proteins, phospholipids, and proteins of plasma membrane

Back 266

Rough ER

Front 267

These lack ribosomes, and their cisternae are more tubular and branching.

Back 267

Smooth ER

Front 268

These provide: synthesis of membranes, steroids (ovaries and testes), and lipids, detoxification (liver and kidney), and calcium storage (skeletal and cardiac muscle)

Back 268

Smooth ER

Front 269

These are granules of RNA and protein. They use directional mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the genetic code

Back 269

Ribosomes

Front 270

This organelle is a system of flattened sacs that synthesizes carbohydrates, packages proteins, and glycoproteins

Back 270

Golgi Apparatus

Front 271

The organelle forms lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and a new plasma membrane

Back 271

Golgi Apparatus

Front 272

These are packages of enzymes in a single unit membrane, variable in shape

Back 272

Lysosomes

Front 273

Digestion of worn out organelles done by lysosomes

Back 273

Autophagy

Front 274

Programmed cell death

Back 274

Autolysis

Front 275

These organelles resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and they function to neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol

Back 275

Peroxisomes

Front 276

These are short, cylindrical assemblies of microtubules

Back 276

Centriole

Front 277

These are 2 double ring purines

Back 277

Guanine

Adenine

Front 278

These are single ring pyrimadines

Back 278

Uracil, thymine, cytosine

Front 279

These are all the genes of 1 person

Back 279

Genome

Front 280

This is when messenger RNA (mRNA) is formed next to an activated gene

Back 280

Transcription

Front 281

mRNA code is 'read' by ribosomal RNA as amino acids are assembled into a protein molecule

Back 281

Translation

Front 282

This process converts the alphabet of nucleotides into a sequence of amino acids to create a specific protein

Back 282

Translation

Front 283

This is what a cluster of 10-20 ribosomes reading mRNA at one time

Back 283

Polyribosomes

Front 284

This is the beginning of a chain of amino acids that determines proteins destination within a cell

Back 284

Signal peptide

Front 285

These kind of proteins prevent premature folding, assist in proper folding, and escort protein to final destination

Back 285

Chaperone proteins

Front 286

These proteins are produced in response to heat or stress and help damaged protein fold back into correct functional shapes

Back 286

Stress or heat-shock proteins

Front 287

This means that each new DNA molecule contains one new helix and one conserved from parent DNA

Back 287

Semiconservative replication

Front 288

How long does it take for all 46 chromosomes to be replicated by thousands of polymerase molecules?

Back 288

6-8 hours

Front 289

How do you form nucleosomes?

Back 289

DNA winds around histones

Front 290

These are changes in DNA structure due to replicaiton error or environmental factors

Back 290

Mutations

Front 291

The functions of this process are:
Embryonic development

Tissue growth

Replacement of dead cells

Repair of injured tissues

Back 291

Mitosis

Front 292

What are the phases of mitosis?

Back 292

PMAT

Front 293

This phase of mitosis is when chromatin coils into genetically identical, paired, and sister chromatids, when the nuclear envelope disintegrates.

Back 293

Prophase

Front 294

How many molecules of DNA are there per chromatid?

Back 294

1

Front 295

This the phase of mitosis when chromosomes line up on one equator

Back 295

Metaphase

Front 296

This phase of mitosis is when daughter chromosomes move towards opposite poles of cells with centromeres leading the way

Back 296

Anaphase

Front 297

This phase of mitosis is when new nuclear envelope forms by rough ER, chromatids uncoil into chromatin, mitotic spindle breaks down, and nucleus forms nucleoli

Back 297

Telophase

Front 298

This is the division of cytoplasm into 2 cells

Back 298

Cytokinesis

Front 299

When do cells divide?

Back 299

1. When the cells have enough cytoplasm for 2 daughter cells.

2. DNA replicated

3. Adequate supply of nutrients

4. Growth factor simulation

5. Open space due to neighboring cell death

Front 300

These are abnormal growths, cells multiply faster than they die

Back 300

Tumors (neoplasms)

Front 301

This type of tumor is a connective tissue capsule, slow growth, and stays local

Back 301

Benign

Front 302

This type of tumor is unencapsulated, fast growing, metastatic, and simulate angiogensis

Back 302

Malignant

Front 303

This is cancer of the epithelial cells

Back 303

Carcinoma

Front 304

This is cancer of pigment producing skin cells

Back 304

Melanoma

Front 305

This is cancer of bone, connective tissue, or muscle

Back 305

Sarcoma

Front 306

This is cancer of blood-forming tissues

Back 306

Leukemia

Front 307

This is cancer of the lymph nodes

Back 307

Lymphoma

Front 308

This kind of oncogenes cause excessive production of growth factors

Back 308

sis oncogene

Front 309

This type of oncogene codes for abnormal growth factors

Back 309

ras oncogene

Front 310

These are mutated forms of normal growth factor genes called ________

Back 310

proto oncogenes