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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is the birthing process affected by culture?
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health/mortality of mother and infant
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What are the stages of childbirth?
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first: longest, 12-14 hours, cervix dilates
second: 1-2 hours, contractions stronger and closer together, baby's head moves through birth canal third: 10-60 mins, placenta and umbilical cord expelled form mother, "second birth" |
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What are the different types of delivery and why are they preferred over each other?
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cesarean: used she labor progresses slowly, first/large babies, older moms
unmedicated: tradition, drugs may pose risk for babies, empowering experience medicated: blocks pain |
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How is the health of newborn baby assessed?
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Apgar scale: appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
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What are major complications of childbirth and how are they treated?
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prematurity, low birth weight, small-for-date; intravenous feeding, surfactant, isolate, Kangaroo care
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Do childbirth complications have lasting effects? If so, what are they?
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greater risk of neurological and cognitive impairment, lower academic achievement, social, behavioral and attention problems
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What is SIDS?
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sudden infant death syndrome; no know causes; "crib death"; sleeping on stomach
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What influences the choice of breast feeding over bottle feeding?
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breast milk is more digestible, reduces allergic reactions, minimizes numerous infections, may reduce risk of SIDS, better cognitive performance
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What is a brain cell? What are its components? Why is the brain so important? Can the brain change?
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neurons send and receive info, gilia nourishes and protects neurons, neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, myelination is a fatty substance that helps send faster signals; important because it is responsible for development and all functions; yes
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What are the major reflexes and why are they important for a child to have?
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moro, darminian, tonic, rooting, babinski; touch & pain, hearing; sight; signal normal development
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What sensory ability does a child have at birth and how are they assessed?
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touch and pain; rooting
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How can children learn via classical and operant conditioning?
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classical conditioning is a response to a stimulus; operant conditioning is reinforcement and punishment
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If infants can learn, why do they exhibit infantile amnesia?
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the brain is not fully developed enough to store memory until they can talk about it
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What does it mean to assess an infant's "intelligence"?
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measure quantitively the factors that are thought to make up intelligence and from the results, predict future performance
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Compare and contrast Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development with the HOME assessment.
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Bayley Scale: standardized tests of the infants' mental and motor development
HOME: measures the influence of the home environment not he children's cognitive growth |
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What does Piaget mean by "sensorimotor stage"?
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first stage in cognitive development, infants learn through senses and motor activity
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What is a scheme?
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organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations
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What is representational ability and how is it important?
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capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events; toddlers think about actions; pretend; they no longer have to go through laborious trial and error to solve problems, try out solutions in their mind
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What is object permanence?
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understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight
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Compare and contrast habituation and dishabituation.
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Habituation: type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response
dishabituation: increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus |
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Compare and contrast perceptual and conceptual categorization.
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perceptual: based on how things work
conceptual: based on what things are |
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How do infants learn casualty?
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understanding that one event causes another; allows us to control and predict world
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How do developmental psychologists measure children's expectations?
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familiarization: infant watches as events happen normally
violation of expectation: the event is changed in a way that conflicts with past procedure |
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What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
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implicit: unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; procedural memory
explicit: intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, events |
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What is "guided participation"?
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adult's participation in a child's activity that helps to structure it and bring the child's understanding of it closer to the adult's
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What is the typical pattern of vocalization? What do babies say first, second, etc?
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Crying-newborns
Cooing- 6-8 weeks Babbling- 6-10 weeks |
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How do infants use gestures to communicate?
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conventional social: waving bye-bye, knodding head for yes
representational: opening arms for pick me up symbolic: blowing means hot |
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Give examples for the following: linguistic speech, holophrase, telegraphic speech, overextension, underextension
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linguistic: verbal expression designed to convey meaning
holophase: single word that conveys a complete thought "Da" for "where is daddy" telegraphic speech: early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words; "no do" means "do not do that" overextension: all men with gray hair are "Grampa" |
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How do parents typically teach language via child-directed speech?
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parentese- baby talk, simplified words, exaggerated vowel sounds
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What are self-conscious emotions? Why are they important?
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embarrassment, empathy, envy, depend on self-awareness
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What is temperament? What are the 3 types?
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characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations
easy: generally happy, responds well to change slow to warm up: generally mild directions; hesitant about new experiences difficult: irritable, intense emotional responses |
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Compare the role of the mother vs. the father.
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mother: contact comfort
father: emotional commitment and direct involvement |
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What did Harlow's study with rhesus monkey show?
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monkey preferred cloth mother
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What are different attachment styles?
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secure, ambivalent (resistant), avoidant, disorganized,
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What are the short and long term effects of attachment?
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guides future interactions with people we want to be close with
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What are gender differences? How are they developed?
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what it means to be male or female; gender typing- socialization by which children learn gender roles; parents are important
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What is the self-concept?
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the image of ourselves
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What is self-regulation? How does it develop?
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having control over own behavior, confirming with caregiver's standards, depends on attentional processes
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What is the conscience? How does it develop?
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emotional discomfort about doing something wrong; the ability to refrain from doing something wrong, refraining because they believe it is the right thing to do
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What are the different types of maltreatment?
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physical, neglect, sexual
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