Human Growth And Development Exam 1

Front 1

The earliest structure to develop in the oral cavity

Back 1

buccopharyngeal membrane

Front 2

When does the pharyngeal apparatus begin to develop?

Back 2

4th week in utero

Front 3

Ectoderm structures

Back 3

nervous system, skin, tooth enamel, hair, oral and nasal mucosa

Front 4

Mesoderm structures

Back 4

muscles, blood cells

Front 5

Endoderm structures

Back 5

mucosal lining for body tubes

Front 6

Neural crest

Back 6

cartilage, skeletal components, sensory neurons, ganglia

Front 7

Arch 1 cartilage

Back 7

Meckel's cartilage

-paired arches associated with mandibular and ear ossicle development

Front 8

Arch 1 Nerve

Back 8

-Trigeminal nerve -sensory innervation for the head and neck -motor component

Front 9

Arch 1 Muscle

Back 9

-Masticatory adductors -Anterior belly of the digastric -tensor veli palatini -tensor tympani

Front 10

Arch 1 artery

Back 10

Maxillary

Front 11

Arch 2 cartilage

Back 11

Reichert's cartilage

-paired cartilages that give rise to the stapes, styloid process, part of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament

Front 12

Arch 2 nerve

Back 12

Facial nerve

Front 13

Arch 2 muscle

Back 13

-Muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid

Front 14

Arch 2 arteries

Back 14

Hyoid and stapedial (fetal) arteries

Front 15

Frontal nasal and primary palate

Back 15

Contributes to palate formation

• Primary palate (premaxilla)

• Region anterior to the incisive foramen

• Arises from fusion of medial nasal prominences (yellow)

• Upper four incisors

• Fusion of maxillary prominences

Front 16

Formation of secondary palate

Back 16

Fusion of lateral palatal shelves, primary and secondary palate, nasal septum

Front 17

What are the 2 types of ossification?

Back 17

Endochondral ossification

Intramembranous ossification

Front 18

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

Back 18

Midline/medial cranial base components

Mandibular condyle

Front 19

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

Back 19

•Everything else that doesnt in endochondral •Including periosteal and endosteal surfaces of endochondral bones

Front 20

Endochondral ossification is the primary mechanism of what type of growth?

Back 20

Anterior-posterior cranial base growth

Similar to long bone growth

Front 21

Cartilage growth plate

Back 21

Chondrocyte division displaces bone

Intrinsic growth potential

Front 22

cranial endochondral growth occurs where?

Back 22

synchondroses

Similar to epiphyseal growth plates but double sided

Front 23

What is intramembranous ossification?

Back 23

Ossification of fibrous membrane surrounding organs and space

Front 24

Bone Displacement

Back 24

•Whole bone movement (vs. surface modeling)•Occurs along articular surfaces•Between bones e.g., sutures, synchondroses, TMJ•Carried by mechanical forces from surrounding tissue•Displacement occurs away and perpendicular from articulation•Displacement and modeling occur together

Front 25

What is Modularity?

Back 25

Regions that have relatively less developmental interaction

Front 26

Purpose of cranial base

Back 26

1. Supports brain2. Articulates with spine3. Transmission of nerves and vasculature4. Mandibular articulation5. Hafting for facial skeleton

Front 27

What part of the cranial base attains adult shape and size first?

Back 27

Center of the cranial base because conservative region, cranial nerves and blood flow

Front 28

Fusion of cranial base synchondroses

Back 28

1. Spheno-occiptial synchondrosis (SOS)•~12 years2. Mid-sphenoid synchondrosis (MSS)•Before birth3. Spheno-ethmoid synchondrosis (SES)•6-8 years

Front 29

Growth cessation patterns of midline components, lateral components and facial skeleton.

Back 29

1. ~6-8 years for midline components 2. ~11-12 years for lateral components 3. Late teens-early 20’s for facial skeleton

Front 30

The two functions of the cranial vault

Back 30

Protects the brain

Attachment for masticatory musculature

Front 31

What does ectomeninx develop into?

Back 31

dura mater and osteogenic layer

• Brain, meninges and vault bones grow as an integrated unit

Front 32

The cranial vault develop by what type of ossification?

Back 32

Intramembranous

Front 33

Growth of the nasomaxillary complex is result of

Back 33

Displacement and Drift

Endochondral and Intramembranous

Front 34

What is the directional growth of displacement in the nasomaxillary region?

Back 34

Posterior, inferior, and lateral.

Front 35

Posterior aspect of the maxillary sinus shows what kind of growth?

Back 35

Bone resportion

Front 36

What dimension is changed the most in the nasomaxillary face?

Back 36

Height

Front 37

What contributes to the height change in the nasomaxillary?

Back 37

•Orbital growth

•Inferior migration of the nasal floor/palate via drift

•Alveolar growth

Front 38

Ethmoid grows by which kind of ossification?

Back 38

Endochondral

Front 39

Maxilla and palatine bones grow by which kind of ossification?

Back 39

Intramembranous

Front 40

Mandibular condyles grow from what kind of cartilage?

Back 40

Secondary cartilage

Front 41

Growth in lingual tuberosity is seen in which direction? What effect does this have?

Back 41

Posterior and make jaw lengthen much more than widen

Front 42

Coronoid process develops by which muscle attachment?

Back 42

Temporalis muscle

Front 43

Gonial process develops by which muscle attachment?

Back 43

Masseter and medial pterygoid

Front 44

Reasons for malocclusion

Back 44

• Maxillary and mandibular size• Coordinated growth between the maxilla and mandible• Size and shape of the teeth• Coordinated development between the teeth and jaws

Front 45

Percent of people with a little bit of incisor irregularity

Back 45

55%

Front 46

Percent of people with ideal antero-posterior relationship?

Back 46

40%

Front 47

Percent of people with mild class 2 relationship?

Back 47

40%

Front 48

Percent of people with moderate to extreme class relationship?

Back 48

20%

Front 49

Distribution of incisor overlap

Back 49

•Approx. 50% have ideal vertical incisor relationships•Approx. 47% have moderate to extreme deep bite•Approx. 3% have open bites

Front 50

Chewing a harder diet leads to greater bone deposition where?

Back 50

Mandible and palate

Front 51

A softer diet or myotonic dystrophy leads to

Back 51

reduction in transverse palatal dimensions

Front 52

The dental papilla proliferates into

Back 52

ectomesenchyme

Front 53

Successional dental lamina develop

Back 53

Lingual to primary bud

Front 54

What are the 2 components of the bud stage?

Back 54

Enamel organ and Dental papilla

Front 55

Enamel organ

Back 55

epithelial structure that results from the down growth of the dental lamina

Front 56

Dental papilla

Back 56

condensed ectomesenchymal cells

Front 57

Parts of the dental cap

Back 57

Enamel organ

Dental papilla

Dental follicle

Front 58

Dental follicle

Back 58

contains condensed ectomesenchymal cells surrounding the dental papilla and enamel organ

Front 59

What cells come from enamel organ?

Back 59

ameloblasts

Front 60

What cells come from the dental papilla?

Back 60

Pulp, odontoblasts, dentin

Front 61

What cells come from the dental follicle?

Back 61

Cementoblasts, cementum, pdl cells, and alveolar bone

Front 62

Parts of the enamel organ at the cap stage?

Back 62

IEE, OEE, Stellate reticulum

Front 63

What different anatomical steps happen during the bell stage?

Back 63

Histodifferentiation

Morphodifferentiation

Apposition

Front 64

What new layer of cells is added to the enamel organ during the bell stage?

Back 64

The stratum intermedium

Front 65

What gives rise to Hertwigs epitheleal root sheath?

Back 65

The junction of IEE and OEE known as the cervical loop

Front 66

What happens if you dont have a stratum intermedium?

Back 66

No enamel is formed!

Front 67

Dentinogenesis

Back 67

The cells of the IEE become tall columnar cells

IEE induces dental papilla cells to differentiate in to odontoblasts

Front 68

Odontoblasts

Back 68

Elongated IEE differentiate into odontoblasts

Secrete predentin

Odontoblasts move away from IEE

Hydroxyapatite mineralizes the predentin

Front 69

Amelogenesis

Back 69

Dentin induces IEE to differentiate into Ameloblasts

Ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix that partially mineralizes right away

Ameloblasts move away from odontoblasts

Stellate reticulum collapse to bring vascular supply closer to the ameloblasts

Front 70

What does the hertwig's epithelial root sheath determine? whats it composed of?

Back 70

Root size, shape, and number

IEE and OEE

Front 71

What are epithelial rests of Malassez

Back 71

Epithelial islands that persist in the pdl after degeneration of the root sheath. Form cysts later in life

Front 72

Problems with number of teeth develop in the

Back 72

Bud or cap stage

Front 73

Problems with morphology, histology arise during what stage?

Back 73

bell stage