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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prenatal development - maternal characteristics are
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Mother's age
Nutrition Emotional Status/stress |
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Prenatal development-Mothers age
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2 problem age groups
-adolescent mothers: premature babies, higher infant mortality rate -Mothers over 30: increased risk of down syndrome, higher infertility |
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Prenatal development- External hazards
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Maternal disease
-Rubella, Genital Herpes, HIV Drugs -alcohol, cigarette, aspirin, caffeine,etc. Environmental hazards -led, mercury, PCB, X-rays |
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Tetratogen
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agent/influence that causes developmental defects in an embryo or fetus,
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5 Accepted Assumptions about Physical growth
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-Growth is cephalocaudal and proximodistal
-Infancy, early childhood, and adolescence = accelerated physical growth -Pattern/extent of growth is biological, this predictable -Motor/perceptual skills develop simple to complex -Maturation doesn't guarantee skill development |
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cephalocaudal
proximodistal |
-Head to tail
-center to extremities |
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Central Nervous System consists of
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The spinal cord
The Brain |
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Brain reaches adult size/weight age
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16
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Brain begins to lose neurons age
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30- sensory motor activities suffer
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Central Nervous System- growth
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A result of adding new neurons, increasing interconnections between the neurons, and adding glial cells (causes myelination)
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Brain weight at birth
and at age 2 |
birth=25%
2= 8-% |
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Aging
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-blood flow and neuro-transmitter decrease
-Brain compensates by rewiring to deal with new tasks |
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Issues of Developmental Stages- Birth-2 weeks
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-Adjustment
- Changes in breaking, sucking/swallowing, temperature, elimination |
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Issues of Developmental Stages- 2 weeks to 2 years
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-decrease in helplessness
-Bonding and attachment -Erickson's trust vs. mistrust -more sleep -socialization is egocentric (Piaget), and caregiver focused (Bowlby) -Emotions -Problem solving (Bruner) -Morality is by constraint (Kohlberg) -New stimuli preferred to old(Novelty Paradigm) -18mo object permanence |
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Mildred Parten's Classic Study of Play
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Six categories:
-Unoccupied Play: uninterested in it -Solitary Play -Onlooker -Parallel -Associative: Social interaction with no/little organization, -Cooperative |
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Modern emphasis on social/cognitive aspects of play
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-Sensorimotor Play: Infants find pleasure in exercising sensorimotor schema's
-Practice Play: Repetition of behavior to learn/prefect skills -Social Play: Partens categories and rough and tumble play -Constructive Play: creation/construction of product or problem -Games: play with rules, competition |
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Physical/biological differences in gender (ages 6-puberty)
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-Females less likely to die or develop physical/mental disorders
-Makes are taller & have longer bones -Females use more feeling words -Males have better physical expression |
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Cognitive differences in gender (ages 6-puberty)
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-Math: may be higher in Males, or may be cultural
-Verbal: May be better in females, but differences diminishing -Visual/spatial: Males sometimes better |
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Socioemotional differences in gender (ages 6-puberty)
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-Aggression: Males more
-Suicide: Males more likely to succeed, Females more likely to try |
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Sandra Bem's Sex-Role Inventory
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assesses a persons masculine and feminine qualities. Those somewhat neutral are androgynous (which tends to be healthy)
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Coopersmith's Self-esteem and Parenting Styles
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-Research on boys age 10-12
-Parenting Styles strongly impact self-esteem -A democratic style of discipline followed with higher self-esteem. (behavior is bad, not the child) |
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Baumrind's 3 Parenting Styles
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-Authoritarian
-Permissive -Authoritative: Promoting standards and independence |
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Warm v.s Hostile Parenting Styles
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-Hostile, restrictive: yields withdrawn, shy, and self-punishing kids
-Hostile permissive: yields disobedient, rebellious, aggressive -Warm restrictive: Yields insecure, dependent, uncreative -Warm permissive: yields assertive, tolerant, outgoing, and independent |
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Adolescence
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Life stage between childhood and adulthood.
Marked by physical/sexual maturation, social development, emotional preparation for leaving, and intellectual development -2 Tasks: Mocing from dependent to independent person -Establishing an identity |
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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-Students perform better the more that is expected of them
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Pre-school
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-Doesn't seem to increase intelligence
-Should be used if parent is unwilling/unable to provide at home learning experiences |
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Cooperative Learning
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-Improves academic performance and self-esteem of low-achieving students
-Jigsaw classroom: children from various backgrounds/abilities work together on projects in groups (Aronson) |
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Divorce on Children
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-Stressful
-relationships with children deteriorate -Children getting aggressive -Academic difficulties -worse if positive relationship between parents isn't continued, and financial difficulties come. -Remarriage almost as stressful as divorce |
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George Vaillant's Expatiation of Erikson's Stages
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Career Consolidation (23-30):Career becomes coherent and stable
Keeping the Meaning vs. rigidity(45-55): extracting new meaning from life |
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Gould's Developmental Transformation
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False assumptions are challenged and transformed at every stage
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Daniel Levinson
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-Early Adult Transition: (17-22), concepts about ideal adult life created, decisions made, breaking away from family of origin.
-Age 30 Transition: Ideal becomes reality, decisions evaluated -Settling down period -Midlife Transition: (40-45), dreams questioned, unreached goals acknowledged, mortality recognized, stressful. Later, formulating appropriate life structures (love, marriage, vocation, family) Midlife Crisis |
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Gail Sheehy
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-Passages: difficult times/typical crisis
-Life stages: Pulling up roots, Trying Twenties, Catching Thirty, Rooting and Extending, Deadline Decade, Renewal and Resignation |
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Alice Rossi- 4 stages of Adult development and parenting
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-Anticipatory
-Honeymoon -Plateau -Disengagement |
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Proven wrong about Aging
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-Disengagement Theory: withdrawing from society is good
-Activity Theory: Elderly must give up active roles |
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Current thoughts on Aging
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Satisfaction in elder years comes from maintaining a lifestyle consistent to what your personality type is.
Impeded by health and financial pressures |
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Biology of Aging
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Entropy
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Myth about Decreasing Intelligence
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-Only 8% of over 65 are senile
-Only last five years of life is intellectual functioning at terminal drop -Older individuals still learn new things |
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Fear of Death
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-Elders think about death more but with less anxiety
-Kubler Ross: Stages of dying- Denial/isolation, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance |
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Apgar
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Rating/Score, measures vitals of newborns, 7 is good health, 4 or less indicates high-risk
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Attitude
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-Social psychologists research this: Festinger (attitude change), Thurstone (scale technique to measure attitude), and Likert who simplified it
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Cannon-Bard/Emergency Theory
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- physical action or emotional reaction happen at once
-James-Lang theory: that persons physical reaction is the basis of the emotional one -Schachter-SInger: action then emotion following |
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Chaining
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-each response acting as stimuli for next response
-Behaviorist |
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Two belief's/idea that don't fit= discomfort
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Cohort Effect
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The effect a group of people being born at a certain time/historical setting (career choices of baby boomers)
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Communication
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Verbal
Non-verbal: -Kinetics: body language (Birdwhistell) -Proxemics: personal space (Hall) |
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Critical Period
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Timeframe where something needs to be learned, or it won;t be learned at all.
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Curative Factors
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Researched in studies finding percentage of the population would benefit from therapy
-Eysenck: People respond to problem resolution with or without -Newer research: People in therapy 80-85% better then those not treated -No one particular model better than others |
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Development
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Changes in persons capacity/behavior as they age
-Learning: enduring changes in behavior through experience -Maturation: unfolding of inherited biological patterns. |
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Discrimination
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-The ability to recognize features of things that are similar but not the same
-Distinguishing between stimuli -In Learning: withholding response except with specific stimuli |
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Down's Syndrome
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Mental retardation caused by extra chromosome; mongolism
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Drive
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Biological urge that directs behavior to a goal
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Echolalia
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Automatic repetition of words spoken to them (baby babbling with parent)
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EEG
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graphic measure of alpha waves in the brain
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Ekman
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Researcher studying cross-cultural facial expressions of emotions
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Epigenetic
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Development proceeding out of prior stage
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Genotype
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who/what an a being is in the terms of it's hereditary factors
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Hedonism
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A person acts to seek pleasure and avoid pain
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Holophrastic speech
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a sentence expressed in one word. "snack!" = "I want a snack!"
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Homeostasis
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Optimal balance
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Iinteractionism
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Technique for studying members of a group through 12 catagories
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Klinefeter's Syndrome
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Male showing no masculinity at puberty
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Lallation
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subbing one sound for another ("Chris"="Twiss")
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Latent Learning
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learning without immediate manifestation
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Learned Helplessness
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Martin Seligman- experiments with dogs
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McClelland
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-Studied parenting techniques of high achievers
-Motivation: based on activities attempted and person's view of their positive and negative effects |
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Metaneeds
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Higher-order needs
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Mid-life Crisis, Levinson
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Thought mid-llife crisis was a positive experience. Between 35-45 people should evaluate self, limitations, and death.
Erikson was similar |
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Moral Development
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Freud: Superego
Berne: Transactional Analysis-ego Piaget: Hetronomous and Autonomous Kohlberg: 3 levels |
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Nosology
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branch of medicine dealing with classification of disease
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Ontogenesis
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development of an organism/individual
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Opponent-Process Theory of Emotions
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-Solomon
-Something creates emotional state "A," state "B" follows though, as a "slave" of "A." When "A" is gone, "B" is left. "B" only, increases with use, and decreases with disuse |
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Physiological Psychology
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-Study of the Central nervous system & Brain, measuring them and their effect on functioning
-4 common Neuro-Transmitters -Serotonin -Epinephrine/Norepinephrin -Acetylcholine -Dopamine |
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-Serotonin
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Neuro-transmitter
associated with sleep disturbances |
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-Epinephrine/Norepinephrin
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Neuro-transmitter
associated with stress reactions |
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-Acetylcholine
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Neuro-transmitter
Allows transmissions of impulse across the synapse |
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-Dopamine
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Neuro-transmitter
Affects neurons in corpus stratum -deficiency here associated with symptoms of Parkinsons Disease -Access may cause hallucinations/other symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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PKU
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-Phenylketonuria
-inherited amino acid disorder |
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Programmed Instruction
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Instruction using Operant conditioning techniques.
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Psychodiagnosis
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analysis and explanation of clients problems
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Psychometric
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Mental testing/measurment
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Psychosis
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Disorder where contact with reality is impaired
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Public Law 94.142
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-free and appropriate education for all children
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Reticular Activating System (RAS)
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-Alerting system of the brain
-located at the base of the brain to all parts of the cerebral cortex -initiates/maintains wakefulness, introspection, and attention |
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Schachter's Cognitive Theory
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Which comes first- physical action or emotional reaction
-Cannon-Bard, and James-Lang, Schachter and Singer |
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Suicide Stats
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-for 15-24 year old's suicide is the second leading cause of death
-aprox. 6,000 annually |
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Split Brain Theory
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-Sperry's study's
-Left and Right brain have separate functions |
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Left Brain
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-Physical World
-Reasoning -Mathematics -Language -Scientific Skills -Logic |
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Right Brain
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-Spiritual World
-Imagination -Creativity -Art -Insight -Intuition |
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Brain Lateralization Theory
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Right side controls left body, left side controls right body
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Telegraphic speech
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two to three words children use to convey a complete thought (18-24mo)
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Transfer Learning
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The effect of earlier learning on present learning. If previous learning was positive, then current learning will be positive too
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Turner's Syndrom
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A female with no gonads or sex hormones
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Freud's Stages
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Remember with: Orphan Annie's a Pretty Little Girl
-Oral -Anal -Phallic -Latency -Genital |
