Ch. 2: Human Development Study And Research

Front 1

What is the purpose of a theory?

Back 1

used to explain data and generate hypotheses that can be tested by research.

Front 2

What are three basic theoretical issues on which developmental scientists differ?

Back 2

the relative importance of heredity and environment
the active or passive character of development
the existence of stages of development

Front 3

Define mechanistic model.

Back 3

views development as a passive, predictable response to stimuli.

Front 4

Define organismic model.

Back 4

views development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.

Front 5

What are five theoretical perspectives on human development?

Back 5

psychoanalytic
learning
cognitive
evolutionary/sociobiological
contextual

Front 6

Describe the psychoanalytic perspective and what are some theories representative of it?

Back 6

sees development as motivated by unconscious emotional drives or conflicts

Freud
Erikson

Front 7

Describe the learning perspective and give examples of representative theories.

Back 7

views development as a result of learning based on experience.
Watson's and Skinner's behaviorism
Bandura's social learning theory

Front 8

Describe the cognitive perspective and give examples of representative theories.

Back 8

concerned with thought processes Piaget's cognitive-stage theory
the information-processing approach
the cognitive neuroscience approach

Front 9

Describe the evolutionary perspective and give examples of representative theories.

Back 9

focuses on the adaptiveness, or survival value, of behavior.
represented by E. O. Wilson

Front 10

Describe the contextual perspective and give representative theories.

Back 10

focuses on interaction between the individual and the social context. Bronfenbrenner
Vygotsky

Front 11

What ethical issues may arise in research on humans?

Back 11

right to informed consent
avoidance of deception
protection from harm and loss of dignity
guarantees of privacy and confidentiality

Front 12

Define microgenetic study.

Back 12

allows researchers to directly observe change by repeated testing over a short time.

Front 13

Name and define the 2 most common designs used to study age-related development.

Back 13

cross-sectional--compares age groups
longitudinal--assess changes in a sample over time
sequential--combines these.

Front 14

Name the 3 types of experiments and how they differ in level of control/generalizability.

Back 14

laboratory--easiest to control and replicate
field--more generalizable beyond the study situation
natural--useful in situations in which true experiments would be impractical or unethical.

Front 15

Define correlational study.

Back 15

quantitative research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists. only an experiment can determine cause and effect relationship.

Front 16

Name and define 2 qualitative research methods.

Back 16

Case study--study of an individual.
Ethnographic study--in-depth study of a culture which uses a combination of methods including participant observation.

Front 17

What are 3 forms of data collection?

Back 17

self-reports (diaries, interviews, and questionnaires)
behavioral and performance measures observation

Front 18

Margaret Mead's research in Samoa
A) established the universality of adolescent rebellion.
B) challenged the inevitability of adolescent rebellion.
C) reaffirmed universal sex roles for men and women.
D) demonstrated that around the world boys are more likely than girls to rebel against their parents.

Back 18

B

Front 19

Margaret Mead's research underscores all of the following about human development except
A) the study of people is abstract and esoteric.
B) a cross-cultural perspective can reveal which patterns of behavior are universal and which are not.
C) theory and research are two sides of the same coin.
D) observations of human behavior may be influenced by the researcher's background, values, and experiences.

Back 19

A

Front 20

Which of the following is not a basic issue for theorists in explaining development?
A) the relative weight given to heredity and environment
B) whether people are active or passive in their own development
C) whether development is continuous or occurs in stages
D) the role of researchers' inherent values and personal experiences

Back 20

D

Front 21

A mechanistic model of college students' drinking behaviors would look at
A) environmental influences, such as advertising and consequences imposed by the college administration for drunkenness.
B) hereditary factors, such as a genetic predisposition to alcoholism in the family.
C) the types of friends students chose, for example, those who like to party or those who like to drink.
D) interactions between biological and environmental influences.

Back 21

A

Front 22

As you stand in line at the grocery store, you notice the checker frowns and is rude to customers in line ahead of you. You decide to try out what you are learning in your psychology class, so when it's your turn, you say to her, "Rough day, huh?" She immediately smiles at you, thanks you for your concern, and you notice she is nice to all the customers behind you. You leave the store feeling good for cheering her up. This illustrates
A) an organismic approach.
B) a mechanistic approach.
C) bidirectional influence.
D) interactional influence.

Back 22

C

Front 23

It was Erik Erikson, not Freud, who stressed the importance of
A) unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations.
B) the role of childhood experiences in forming personality.
C) the presence from birth of sexual urges.
D) the influences of society and culture on development.

Back 23

D

Front 24

Negative reinforcement
A) is the same thing as punishment.
B) tends to suppress the likelihood of a targeted behavior.
C) tends to increase the likelihood of a targeted behavior.
D) is not as powerful in modifying behavior as either positive reinforcement or punishment.

Back 24

C

Front 25

The information processing approach to development
A) suggests that development occurs in four qualitatively different stages.
B) suggests that children's cognitive development occurs when new information is internalized through the dual processes of assimilation and accommodation.
C) attempts to explain cognitive development by analyzing the processes involved in perceiving and handling information.
D) uses brain imaging and studies of people with brain injuries to understand cognitive processes.

Back 25

C

Front 26

Miranda is doing a research study using Bronfenbrenner's model and looks at all the different influences on development. In the part of her paper that talks about the macrosystem, she will focus on
A) the setting in which individuals interact with others on an everyday, face-to-face basis.
B) society's overall cultural patterns.
C) the linkages between two or more microsystems.
D) the effects of time on other developmental systems.

Back 26

B

Front 27

Arturo, a fourth-grader, is teaching his 8-year-old brother to put together a model airplane. First Arturo shows Abel how to set up the pieces, then how to glue pieces together. Next Arturo guides is brother's hands as they glue two more pieces together. Finally, Arturo watches Abel glue pieces by himself. Vygotsky suggested this type of learning occurs in
A) the zone of proximal development.
B) a microsystem.
C) a contextual setting.
D) modeling.

Back 27

A

Front 28

A social worker does a home visitation to see if the home is a safe and nurturing environment for the child. She checks for nutritious food in the refrigerator, general cleanliness, and safety concerns, and observes how mother and daughter interact. She is using which type of data collection and which type of research design?
A) self-report; case study
B) interview; ethnographic study
C) naturalistic observation; case study
D) naturalistic observation; ethnographic study

Back 28

C

Front 29

After years of teaching, Professor Rosen realized it was the students who disrupted her class by chatting who would say her class was boring. Professor Rosen could determine that the students disrupt class because they are bored, are bored because they aren't paying attention, or that some other factor(s) lead to both boredom and chatting in class. This underscores a basic limitation of correlational research, which is that with correlations a researcher
A) cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
B) is likely to encounter problems of observer bias.
C) cannot generalize the results to other people and other situations.
D) is not able to define the variables being studied.

Back 29

A

Front 30

The Ethical Guidelines of the American Psychological Association ensure that research participants have all of the following protections except the right to
A) informed consent.
B) decline or withdraw from an experiment at any time.
C) privacy and confidentiality.
D) be paid for their participation.

Back 30

D

Front 31

A ? is a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data, while ? are possible explanations for phenomena used to predict the outcomes of research.

Back 31

theory
hypotheses

Front 32

? model views development as a passive, predictable response to stimuli, and ? model views development as internally initiated by an active organism.

Back 32

mechanistic
organismic

Front 33

Mechanistic theorists focus on ? change, and organismic theorists focus on ? change.

Back 33

quantitative
qualitative

Front 34

The ? perspective views development as shaped by unconscious forces.

Back 34

psychoanalytic

Front 35

A psychologist with a ? perspective will study observable behavior to show which aspects of the environment are controlling that behavior, while a psychologist with a ? perspective will analyze behavior’s thought processes to see how those processes change over time.

Back 35

learning
cognitive

Front 36

Henry, a nail-biter, is highly critical of everyone he knows. Hilda is obsessed with germs and cleanliness. According to Freudian theory, we would expect that Henry fixated in the ? stage, and Hilda fixated in the ? stage.

Back 36

oral
anal

Front 37

While ? theorists emphasize the predictable role of environment in causing behavior, ? theorists believe that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models.

Back 37

behaviorism
social learning

Front 38

? occurs when new information fits into an existing cognitive structure; ?occurs when new information that does not fit one’s existing cognitive structures results in change.

Back 38

Assimilation
Accommodation

Front 39

The ? focuses on biological bases of social behavior, while Bronfenbrenner’s ? looks at the processes and contexts of development.

Back 39

sociobiological theory
bioecological theory

Front 40

Research that focuses on "hard" data and numerical or statistical results is referred to as ? research, and research that focuses on “soft” data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs is ? research.

Back 40

quantitative
qualitative

Front 41

A test’s ? refers to whether the test measures what it claims to measure, and its ? refers to whether the results are consistent over time.

Back 41

validity
reliability

Front 42

The ? variable is the condition in an experiment over which the experimenter has direct control, and the ? variable is the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the variable.

Back 42

independent
dependent

Front 43

When comparing people of different age groups at the same time, a researcher is using a ? study; if the researcher studied one group of people as they aged over a period of several years, this would be a ? study.

Back 43

cross-sectional
longitudinal

Front 44

Vygotsky exposed children to certain learning conditions over short periods of time so he could see how much children’s performance could be improved within that short time frame. Vygotsky used ? research.

Back 44

microgenetic