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346 Cards in this Set
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The branch of psychology concerned with interaction between physical and psychological processes and with stages of growth from conception throughout the entire life span
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developmental psychology
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Question of whether development is gradual and evenly continuous or whether it is marked by age-specific periods
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continuity vs. discontinuity debate
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A perspective that reduces complex phenomenon or events to a single cause
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reductionist perspective
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Interaction of biological, psychological, and social aspects of developmental psychology
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holistic biospychosocial perspective
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Messages received during childhood
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injunctions
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Jean Piaget
Lawrence Kohlberg Erik Erikson John Bowlby Carol Gilligan Mary Ainsworth John Bowlby Meanie Klein Daniel Levinson |
Developmental theorists
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Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development, who influenced educational psychology greatly during his lifetime
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Jean Piaget
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Developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on social development
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Erik Erikson
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The American psychologist who established the school of behaviorism after studying animals
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John B Watson
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British psychologist in the field of child development who pioneered attachment theory
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John Bowlby
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American psychologist best known for his "stages of moral development" theory
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalytic method of psychiatry
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Sigmund Freud
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An English psychologist who pioneered several statistical approaches and developed the concept of a single intelligence factor (g)
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Charles Edward Spearman
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American feminist psychologist who proposed a stage theory of moral development for women
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Carol Gilligan
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Psychologist known for his social learning theory, as well as influencing the transition between behaviorism and cognitive psychology.
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Albert Bandura
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One of the founders of the field of Positive Adult Development
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Daniel Levinson
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Russian development psychologist who developed the sociocultural theory of cognitive development
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Lev Vygotsky
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British psychoanalyst who was the leading innovator in theorizing object relations theory
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Melanie Klein
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American developmental psychologist known for her development of Attachment Theory and work with "The Strange Situation"
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Mary Ainsworth
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A system of beliefs and values that ensures that individuals will keep their obligations to others in society and will behave in ways that do not interfere with the rights and interests of others
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morality
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A socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is functioning in a given setting or group
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social roles
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The lifelong process whereby an individual's behavioral patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives are shaped to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society
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socialization
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An individual's anatomical sex
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sexual assignment
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One's sense of maleness or femaleness; usually includes awareness and acceptance of one's biological sex
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gender identity
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Outward expression of gender identity, according to cultural and social expectations
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gender role
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Expressions of gender based on sexual assignment, not gender role
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sex role
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Process whereby a child learns the norms and roles that society has created for his or her gender
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gender socialization
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Cultural and personal gender roles
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gender schemas
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Age by which gender identity appears irreversible in a child
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age 4
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Approach that believes children learn gender roles because they are rewarded for appropriate behavior, punished for inappropriate gender roles, and because they watch and imitate others
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social learning theory
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Who believed that preschool children first identify as their gender; then classify others, objects, activities, etc. as male or female then engage in gender-typed behavior?
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Kohlberg
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When a preschooler believes that a person's gender is determined by their physical appearance, what are they demonstrating?
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Their lack of gender constancy
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Older children in which stage of cognitive development understand gender constancy as they master the idea of a stable identity?
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concrete operations stage
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How does classic psychoanalysis propose that children establish their gender roles?
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At the resolution of the phallic stage when they identify with their same-sex parent
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Theory that sexual orientation develops from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
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interactional theory of homosexuality
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Debate over the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities versus personal experiences in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits
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nature vs. nurture controversy
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Belief that individual differences stem from innate qualities in the individual, not personal experiences
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nativism
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Belief that individual differences come from personal experience and are not innate
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empircism
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A research design in which the same participants are observed repeatedly, sometimes over many years.
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longitudinal design
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Intensive observation of a particular individual or small group of individuals
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case study research
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A method of observation that involves observing subjects in their natural habitats without interfering
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naturalistic observation
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A research method in which groups of participants of different chronological ages are observed and compared at a given time.
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cross-sectional Research
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Any group of individuals who are linked in some way or who have experienced the same significant life event within a given period
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cohort
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A study in which subjects who presently have a certain condition and/or receive a particular treatment are followed over time and compared with another group who are not affected by the condition under investigation
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cohort study
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What type of study solves the problem of the confounding cohort in cross-sectional studies?
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longitudinal design
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Paiget's stages of cognitive development
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1. Sensorimotor
2. Pre-operational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational |
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The undersanding that objects continue to exist even when their presence can't be sensed
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object permanence
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Inability to consider another's viewpoint
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egocentrism
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Tendency to focus on one detail in a situation to the neglect of other important features
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centration
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The understanding that some quantitative aspects of an object don't change just because the appearance of the object has been transformed
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conservation
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State that a child enters when they have an experience that does not fit into their understanding of how the world works
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disequilibrium
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Piaget's term for cognitive structures that develop as infants and young children learn to interpret the world and adapt to their environment
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schemes/schemas
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combining and integrating simple schemas
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organization
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What is accommodation in terms of Paiget's theory?
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The process of restructuring or modifying cognitive structures so that new information can fit into them more easily
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In Paiget's model, what is assimilation?
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The process whereby new cognitive elements are fitted in with old elements or modified to fit more easily
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What developmental stage is not always reached?
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formal operational stage
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Theory that social interaction plays a fundamental role in cognitive develoment
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Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development
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Self-esteem, self-worth, self-regulation, and self-confidence form this
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a child's self-concept
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Successive developmental stages that focus on an individual's orientation toward the self and others; incorporating both the sexual and social aspects of a person's development and the social conflicts that arise from the interaction between the individual and the social environment
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Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
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What is the assumption of a stage theory?
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That everyone moves through the stages sequentially, without skipping any of them
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What are the three levels of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development?
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1 - Pre-conventional Morality
2 - Conventional Morality 3 - Post-conventional Morality |
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Moral reasoning and behavior based on rules and fear of punishment and nonempathetic self-interest
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pre-conventional morality (Kohlberg's level 1)
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Morality based on conformity and helping others and obeying the law and keeping order
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conventional morality (Kohlberg's level 2)
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Morality based on accepting the relative and changeable nature of rules and laws and conscience-directed concern with human rights
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post-conventional morality (Kohlberg's level 3)
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Feelings that contribute to the internalization of morality
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empathy, shame, and guilt
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Age when children first experience shame
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Around age 2
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Age when children typically develop an understanding of guilt
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Ages 3-4
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What are the stages of Pre-conventional Morality in Kohlberg's theory?
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Stage 1: Punishment Orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental Reward Orientation |
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What are the stages of Conventional Morality in Kohlberg's theory?
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Stage 3: Good Boy-Good Girl Orientation
Stage 4: Authority Orientation |
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What are the stages of Post-conventional Morality in Kohlberg's theory?
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Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
Stage 6: Morality of Individual Principles Orientation |
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Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory of morality
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That it favors educated individuals who are verbally sophisticated, and that it is focused on a male model of morality
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Carol Gilligan's theory of differences between female and male moral development
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female morality is based on compassion while male morality is based on justice
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Levels of religious development
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1 - Pre-conventional Morality
2 - Conventional Morality 3 - Post-conventional Morality |
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Fundamentalistic black-or-white and egocentric thinking based on religious laws and rules
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pre-conventional religious development (level 1)
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Conformity to accepted religious traditions and standards
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conventional religious development (level 2)
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Relativistic gray thinking; the acknowledgment of religious contradictions, human interpretations, and the changeable nature of rules
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post-conventional religious development (level 3)
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A strategy for successful aging in which one makes the most of gains while minimizing the impact of losses that accompany normal aging
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Selective optimization with compensation
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The view that suggests that, as people age, they become more selective in choosing social partners who satisfy their emotional needs
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Selective social interaction theory
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What did Klein believe the inner core of personality stems from?
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a person's early relationship with their mother
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Theory that a child's fundamental human drive is to be in relationships with others, and the first relationship the child establishes is usually with the mother
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Melanie Klein's object-relations theory
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Abilities deveoped by the psychologically healthy child in object-relations theory.
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separating good and bad, and self and object
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Gender that psychosocially adjusts better, according to object-relations theory
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girls, because they don't have to separate from their mother in the same way as boys
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Successive developmental stages that focus on an individual's orientation toward the self and others; incorporating both the sexual and social aspects of a person's development and the social conflicts that arise from the interaction between the individual and the social environment
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Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
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Freud's five stages of psychosexual development
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1. Oral
2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
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What is each stage of Frued's psychosexual development theory based on?
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Whatever gives the child the most physical pleasure at that time--which will also inevitably involve conflict
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What Freud believed a child develops when he cannot get certain needs met
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fixation
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How did Freud label people who put off getting pleasure until the last moment and like to have everything in its proper place, and why?
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anal retentive, due to too much conflict during the anal stage of psychosexual development
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How did Freud label people who are messy and rebellious, and what did he thing was the reason?
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anal expulsive, due to too much or too little tension during the anal stage of psychosexual development
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What is castration anxiety?
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conflict resulting from Oedipus complex or Oedipal conflict
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How did Freud believe children resolve the phallic stage?
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by identifying with their same-sex parent and adopting his/her values
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What did Freud think girls experienced during the phallic stage of psychosexual development?
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Desire for their father and penis envy
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What did Freud propose happens during latency, from ages 6-12?
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Sexual feelings are repressed while the child builds social contacts beyond the immediate family
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Close relationships with others and those factors that contribute to a relationship being formed
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interpersonal attraction
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Three factors important in determining who will become friends
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similarity
proximity or propinquity attractiveness |
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Phenomenon where increased exposure leads to increased attraction
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mere exposure effect
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How does physical attractiveness play a factor in friendship?
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people tend to like attractive people
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Phenomenon where people tend to fall in love with people whose attractiveness matches their own
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matching hypothesis
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Components of Robert Sterberg's triangular theory of love
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intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment
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Sterberg's term for love based on passion and commitment, which he defines as short-lived
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fatuous love
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Four basic parenting styles
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authoritative parents
authoritarian parents permissive parents indifferent parents |
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Factors in parenting style
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parental control and parental warmth
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The degree to which parents are restrictive in their use of parenting techniques
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parental control
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The degree to which parents are loving, affectionate, and approving in their use of parenting techniques
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parental warmth
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Type of parent that demonstrates appropriate levels of parental control and parental warmth
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authoritative parents
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In the 1970s, research seemed to support that first-born children had this difference over their siblings
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They were more intelligent
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Melvin Kohn found that working-class parents tend to stress this quality in their children
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outward conformity
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Melvin Kohn found that middle-class parents tend to stress this quality in their children
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self-expression, motivation, and curiosity
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The 3 major trends impacting developing families over the last 30 years
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increase in divorce, single-parent families, and working mothers
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5 factors affecting the develoment of a child dealing with divorce
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Levels of stress & amount of support at the time
gender of the child age of the child amount of time since the change parents' response to the change |
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Trends found in children from single-parent households caused by divorce
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Less acceptance and general bitterness towards the opposite sex of the parent with custody
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One's characteristic mood and activity level
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temperment
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Study that followed 140 chidren from birth to adolescence, investigating temperament
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New York Longitudinal Study by Stella Chase, Alexander Thomas, and Herbert Birch
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Qualities of easy infants (40% of those in the New York Longitudinal Study)
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adaptable to new situation, predictable in their rhythmicity, positive in their mood
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Qualities of difficult infants (10% of those in the New York Longitudinal Study)
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intense in their reactions, not very adapatable to new situations, slightly negative mood, irregular body rhythms
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Qualities of "slow-to-warm-up" infants (15% of those in the New York Longitudinal Study)
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initially withdraw when approached but may ater "warm up", slow to adapt to new situations
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What percent of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study did not fall into the defined temperament categories
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35%
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An environment where an infant's temperament matches the opportunities, expectations, and demands the infant encounters
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goodness of fit
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How day care affects social skills
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Children in day care tend to be more cooperative, confident, better able to take the perspective of another, as well as aggressive and noncompliant
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Day care's effect on children's intelligence
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Children who attend day care score higher on intelligence tests, though their counterparts catch up in kindergarten and elementary school
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What does Paiget's theory help teachers do?
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Provide students with developmentally-appropriate instruction
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According to Paiget's theory, what kind of conversations are a key component to cognitive development in children?
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conversational interactions with adults
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Theory that like the computer, the human mind is a system that processes information through the application of logical rules and strategies, and has a limited capacity for the amount and nature of the information it can process
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information processing theory
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What does information processing theory focus on?
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how the learner arrives at a response or answer (process)
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This theory puts for the idea that intelligent thinking can be taught
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information processing theory
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What students should be able to do as a result of instruction
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instructional objectives
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Tasks or assignments that students can perform as a result of achieving the instructional objectives
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instructional outcomes
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Mental processes requird to perform instructional outcomes
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cognitive skills
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Determining what students already know
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preassessment
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Evaluating whether or not sudents have achieved expected outcomes and whether or not teachers achieved the instructional objectives
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post-assessment
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What idea do childhood intervention programs support?
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environment is an important factor in the determination of intelligence
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Governmental intervention program designed to give underprivileged children experience with the toys, books, and games they'd encounter in first grade
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Project Headstart
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Results of Project Headstart
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Children made immediate gains in IQ but went back to their original IQ when the program ended
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Key failing point of Project Headstart
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It didn't play an important enough role in the children's lives and was isolated from their family experience
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Current philosophy of childhood intervention
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involve the mothers of the children in the programs so that mothers learn to be effective teachers
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Secondary benefits of involving the mothers in childhood intervention
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The mother's self esteem is raised, her cooperation increases, she becomes closer to her child and she can share what she learns with other mothers
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What negative effects of poverty areas are not addressed by intervention programs
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inadequate pre-natal care, insufficient nutrition, low self-respect
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What idea do childhood intervention programs support?
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environment is an important factor in the determination of intelligence
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What did Vygotsky feel impacted the development of a child's cognitive and mental structures?
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social feedback and interactions within the child's environment
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Difference between a child's potential and his or her real-life behaviors, which are the product of the child's environment
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zone of proximal development (ZPD)
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Educational method where a chid must give closed-ended reponses to specific questions, without assistance or feedback from the examiner
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static assessment approach
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Vygotsky's idea that an examiner should provide a child with guided hints during problem-solving activities and assess the child's ability to use this feedback, make changes in problem-solving behaviors to reach a correct solution
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dynamic assessment perspective
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Best known instrument that uses the dynamic assessment perspective to evaluate a child's cognitive characteristics
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Learning Potential Assessment Device
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A method that emphasizes parents' roles in enhancing their children's learning
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mediated learning experiences (MLE)
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Peers working together to solve problems
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collaborative learning
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What is believed as the best way to end the cycle of poor parenting?
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parental retraining
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Teaching involving actions, verbal instruction, and demonstration, with hands-on activities to add with learning future skills is suited to this stage in Paiget's model
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preoperative stage
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Teaching involving hands-on earning, short instruction with oncrete examples, and time for practice is suited to this stage in Paiget's model
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concrete operations stage
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Teaching students broad concepts and giving students open-ended projects to explore is appropriate in Paiget's model at this stage of cognitive deveopment
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formal operational stage
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Period of development from conception to birth
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prenatal
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Basic stages of development in utero
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zygote --> embryo --> fetus
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2nd week prenatal development
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implantation on uterine wall
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3rd-4th week prenatal development
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heart begins to pump
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4th week prenatal development
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digestive system and eyes begins to form
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5th week prenatal development
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ears begin to form
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6th week prenatal development
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arms and legs start to appear
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7th-8th week prenatal development
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fingers and male sex organs form
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8th week prenatal development
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bones and toes begin to form; arms and legs move
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10-11th week prenatal development
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female sex organs form
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12th week prenatal development
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fingerprints form; fetal movement can occur
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20th week prenatal development
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mother feels movement; fetus begins sucking, swallowing, and hiccuping; nails, sweat glands, and soft hair develop
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27th week prenatal development
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fetus weighs about 2 pounds
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38th week prenatal development
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fetus weighs about 7 pounds
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40th week prenatal development
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full-term baby born
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Any agents that may cross the placental barrier from the mother to the embryo/fetus, causing abnormalities
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teratogens
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Common teratogens
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Alcohol, tobacco, drugs
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Condition where a fetus is deprived of oxygen
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intrauterine hypoxia
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One of the most preventable causes of intrauterine hypoxia
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smoking
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Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
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short nose, thin upper lip, widely spaced eyes, small head, and mental retardation
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Most vulnerable period in prenatal development
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embryo stage
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Any time during development when a process must occur if it is ever going to happen
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critical period
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Test for fetal abnormalities done between weeks 9-14
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Chorionic villi sampling
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Test for fetal abnormalities done after week 15
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amniocentesis test
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Injury that occurs during birth
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birth trauma
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Inherited metabolic disorder that, if not treated in the first 3-6 weeks of life, will result in mental retardation
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phenylketonuria
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Percentage of babies that die in the first year of life
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infant mortality
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Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant
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sudden infant death (SIDS)
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parturition
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childbirth
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Stage of childbirth where mother-infant bonding takes place
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postpartum
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Source of psychosocial tension for an infant
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Are others reliable?
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Psychosocial developmental stage of an infant
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Trust vs Mistrust
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What do infant's need for proper development, according to Erikson?
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Maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty, to trust himself/herself, others, and the environment
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If this is fault, a child may never develop the trust, self-control, or emotional reasoning necessary to function effectively in the world
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social and emotional bonding between infant and family
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First 4 weeks of life
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neonatal period
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Low birthweight
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below 5-1/2 pounds
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Infants who arrive before their due date
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premature
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Infants delivered more than two weeks after their due date
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postmature
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Part of the brain to develop first
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brain stem and spinal cord
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Part of the brain least developed at birth
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cortex
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Based on delivery date, which babies are more at risk for complications such as sickness, brain damage, or death?
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both premature and postmature babies
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Sense developed before birth
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hearing
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Sense of taste usually prefered by infants
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sweet
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Extension of arms when an infant feels a loss of support
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moro reflex
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Hand grasping in an infant
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palmar reflex
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When an infant turns toward an object brushing his/her cheek and attempts to suck
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rooting
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Sense that is poor at birth
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visual acuity
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Geneticaly programmed biological plan of deveopment that is relatively independent of experience
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maturation
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Center-outward direction of motor development
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proximodistal principle of development
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Head-to-foot direction of motor development
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cephalocaudal principle of development
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Definitions of the average age at which children display various abilities
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developmental norms
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Expected motor development at 1 month
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Can lift head when on stomach
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Expected motor development at 2 months
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Can hold chest up when prone and can roll from side to back
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Expected motor development at 3 months
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Can roll over and will reach out for objects
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Expected motor development at 6-7 months
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sits without support and stands holding onto objects
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Expected motor development at 8-10 months
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crawls
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Expected motor development at 8-12 months
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pulls self up to stand
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Expected motor development at 11-12 months
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walks by holding onto objects
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Expected motor development at 12-18 months
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walks alone
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In terms of cognitive development, where would Paiget place a child 2 years or younger?
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sensorimotor stage
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What cognitive skills are associated with the sensorimotor stage?
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Knowing what to do with what he/she senses, and lacking the concept of object permanence
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Type of learning that babies under 3 months of age don't respond well to
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classical conditioning
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Type of play that infants engage in, involving the manipulation of objects
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sensorimotor play
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Type of play, beginning at infancy, where children play side-by-side but do not interact
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parallel play
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Process where one seeks nearness to another individual
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attachment
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Psychologist who suggested that infants are born preprogrammed for certain behaviors that guarantee bonding with their caregivers
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John Bowlby
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Behavior from a caregiver that supports healthy bonding with an infant
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eye-contact, touch, and timely feedings
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A condition that can result from a failure to form normal attachments to primary care-giving figures in early childhood
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attachment disorder
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When an infant cries or becomes otherwise distressed when a preferred caregiver leaves the room
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separation anxiety
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Distress in the presence of unfamiliar people
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stranger anxiety
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Age when separation anxiety usually peaks
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18 months
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Children who lack this are more likely to suffer from separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
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multiple attachments
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Bowlby's three stages of separation (when a child is separated from their parent)
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protest, despair, detachment
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Absense of attachment
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social deprivation
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Long-term effects of social deprivation
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depression, withdrawal, apathy, and anxiety
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Type of attachment demonstrated by a infant who becomes upset if a parent leaves the room but is glad to see the parent when he/she returns
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secure attachment
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Synchronous back-and-forth interaction between a child and his/her caregiver, that predicts secure attachment
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mutuality
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What did Mary Ainsworth's "strange situation" evaluate?
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the attachment relationship that a child had developed with his/her caregiver
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Type of attachment demonstrated by a infant who clings to a parent, becomes very upset when the parent leaves, and appears angry or more upset when the parent returns
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anxious-ambivalent attachment
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Type of attachment demonstrated by a infant who seeks little contact with a parent, is not concerned when the parent lives, and avoids interaction when the parent returns
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avoidant attachment
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A collective community in Israel, based on a concept that started as a utopian example of socialism and zionism
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kibbutz
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What did Scharf's research on children raised a communal environment within a kibbutz show?
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Less ability in coping with imagined situations of separation than those who were brought up with their families
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Experiential knowledge and understanding of society and the rules of social behavior
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social cognition
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Assumptions about the nature of social relationships, processes, and others' feelings
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social inferences
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Three types of play that children engage in
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sensorimotor play
imaginative play parallel or cooperative play |
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What did Sutton-Smith call play a mechanism for?
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socialization of novelty
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What happens for children whose play is restricted?
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They are less likely to respond in unfamiliar situations
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Psychosocial developmental stage of toddler
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Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
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Source of psychosocial tension for an toddler
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Can I exercise self-control?
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Psychosocial developmental stage of preschooler
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Initiative vs Guilt
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What is the toddler attempting to accomplish in his or her developmental stage, according to Erikson?
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Mastering his or her physical environment while maintaining self-esteem
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Source of psychosocial tension for an preschooler
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Can I exercise self-control?
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According to Erikson, how does the preschooler distinguish his/her developmental stage?
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By intiating instead of imitating activities, and by deveoping conscience and sexual identity
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Early childhood
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ages 2-6
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Age when first friendships are usually created
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3 years
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Which brain hemisphere develops more fully in early childhood?
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left hemisphere
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Handedness develops in this stage of childhood
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early childhood
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What aspects of brain cells develop the most in the first few years of childhood?
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glial cells and myelin sheaths
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Paiget's pre-operational stage of cognitive development starts around what age?
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age 2
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What stage of development is marked by nonlogical, nonreversable thinking?
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pre-operational stage
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What cognitive skills does a 2-6 year old child have, in Paiget's model?
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Understand object permanence; thinks symbolically and uses language; very egocentric; logic is intuitive and dominated by perception; rigid thought; can't conserve
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Imaginative play where a child substitutes one object for another
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symbolic play
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What a toddler develops as he/she begins to understand that symbols can represent objects
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representational thought
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An awareness and understanding of others' states of mind and accompanying actions, which children acquire around age 5
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theory of mind
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Play where children act out fanatasies together
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cooperative play
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When does quarrelling during play arise?
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between the ages of 3 and 4
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What does quarrelling during play signify?
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the beginning of competitiveness
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According to Paiget, what cognitive stage is a 7-11 year old child in?
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concrete operational stage
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When did Paiget believe ego-centric thinking starts to diminish in a child's development?
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7 to 11 years - the concrete operational stage
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At 7-11 years, what cognitive skills do children have?
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Can understand transformations, group items into categories, make inferences about reality & engage in inductive reasoning
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Conditions under which a child in the concrete operations stage of deveopment can manipulate symbols
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if they are given concrete examples with which to work
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Psychosocial developmental stage of school-age child
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Industry vs Inferiority
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Source of psychosocial tension for a school-age child
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Am I praised for what I accomplished and taught?
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How does Erikson's model show school-age children as developing a sense of self-worth?
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by refining skills
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Middle childhood
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ages 7-11
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What brain development in middle childhood allows children to engage in increasingly difficult cognitive tasks?
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further development of pre-frontal lobes
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When does the right hemisphere of the brain develop most fully?
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middle childhood
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Percentage of school-age children who are obese (currently)
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25%
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Late childhood: ages 10-11
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pre-adolescence
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Beyond the age of 12, what cognitive skills develop?
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Scientific thinking; thinking hypothetically about abstractions
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Development returns to egocentric thought early in what stage?
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formal operational stage (adolescence)
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Developmental period between childhood and adulthood
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adolescence
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Rapid physical growth that occurs with hormonal changes that brings sexual maturity
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puberty
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Psychosocial developmental stage of an adolescent
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Identity vs Role Confusion
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Source of psychosocial tension for an adolescent
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Am I able to find my identity and integrate my roles?
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What is the adolescent's challenge, according to Erikson's model?
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Integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete, worker) into a self-image under role models and peer pressure
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Love that involves passion, but not intimacy or commitment
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infatuation
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Persons who evidence subnormal intellectual functioning and social skills beginning before age 18
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developmentally disabled
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Positive adult development, directionless change, stasis, and decline
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four major forms of adult development
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Six components of positive adult development
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hierarchical complexity, knowledge, experience, expertise, wisdom, and spirituality
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What does Levinson's theory of positive adult development suggest?
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that development continues past adolescence, throughout adulthood
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Two main phases of Levinson's theory of adult development
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novice phase (17-33) and culminating phase (33-45)
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What percentage of adults, according to studies, reach Paiget's stage of formal operations?
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50%
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Lowest period of death rates in the entire human lifespan
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young adulthood
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According to Erikson, young adult development is characterized by what?
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Learning to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner
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Developmental period between 20 and 40 years of age
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early adulthood
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When do reaction time and muscle strength peak for humans?
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mid-twenties
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Erikson's psychosocial developmental stage of a young adult
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Intimacy vs Isolation
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Source of psychosocial tension for a young adult
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Can I commit to intimacy with another outside my family?
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Levinson's "early adult transition"
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Leaving home to attend college or take a job in another city
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Levinson's stage of adulthood when relationships take center stage, from ages 22-28
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entering the adult world
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Average age of first-time marriage in the U.S.
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women - 24; men - 26
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Loving relationships characterized by intimacy, but not passion or commitment
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friendship
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Focus of Levinson's "age-30" transition (ages 28-33)
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estabilshing a career
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Levinson's stage at ages 33-45
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culminating phase of early adulthood
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Ages of Levinson's "settling down" stage of adulthood
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ages 33-40
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Ages of Levinson's "midlife transition" stage of adulthood
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ages 40-45
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Developmental period between 40-65 years of age
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middle adulthood
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People in middle adulthood who are caught between the needs of their chldren and their own aging parents
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sandwich generation
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When studying middle age, what have most studies failed to find?
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evidence of mid-life crisis
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A commitment beyond one's self and one's partner to family, work, society, and future generations; typically, a crucial step in development in one's 30s and 40s
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generativity
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What marks middle-age in Erikson's developmental model?
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Seeking satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and civic interests
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Erikson's psychosocial developmental stage of a middle-age adult
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Generativity vs Stagnation
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Erikson's source of psychosocial tension for a middle-aged adult
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Will I share my wisdom and experience with others or stagnate with despair?
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Male menopause
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male climacteric
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Average age of menopause
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51
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response to stress
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hardiness
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On which type of intelligence do middle-age adults score higher than younger adults?
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crystallized intelligence
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Thinking characterized by the objective use of practical common sense to deal with unclear problems
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postformal thinking
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Positive events that can be just as stressful as negative ones
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eustressors
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Farsightedness or difficulty reading, more common in middle age
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presbyopia
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Difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds, an age-related condition
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presbycusis
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By middle age, what percentage of Americans will have married at east once?
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More than 90%
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Median duration of U.S. marriages that end in divorce
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7 years
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If a couple with children stay together until the last child leaves home, how much longer will they probably stay together?
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at least another 20 years
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Adult love consisting of passion, intimacy, and commitment
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consummate love
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Love that is committed and intimate, but not passionate
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companionate love
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A sense of aloneness felt by a parent when all children have left home
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empty-nest syndrome
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Psychosocial developmental stage of an older adult
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Integrity vs Despair
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The Eriksonian conflict between integrity and despair in older age happens as the adult does what?
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Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss, and prepares for death
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A theory that views aging as a process of mutual withdrawal in which older adults voluntarily slow down by retiring, as expected by society
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disengagement theory
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Theory that the more active elderly people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life
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activity theory
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Neglect, physical abuse, or emotional abuse of dependent elderly persons
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elder abuse
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Study of death and dying
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thanatology
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The concept of searching for meaning in life through death is one of the foundations of this branch of psychology
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existential psychology
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Denial of death leads to this
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existential anxiety
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This psychologist believes that individuals must accept the inevitability of their own deaths and the deaths of loved ones; otherwise, they cannot fully embrace or find true meaning in life
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Rollo May
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By what age do children understand death as a permanent state that all beings eventually experience
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ages 5 - 7
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What 5 stages of grief did Kubler-Ross define?
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1 - Denial
2 - Anger 3 - Bargaining 4 - Depression 5 - Acceptance |
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What process can help people examine the significance of their life and prepare for death?
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the life review
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What percentage of men and women over age 75 are widowed?
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25% of men, 66% of women
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Women who are widowed are more likely to experience this
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financial struggles
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When men are widowed, they are more likey (than women) to have these struggles
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depression and suicidal ideation
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Deliberate termination of life to eliminate pain
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active euthanasia
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Deliberate withdrawal or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment that may otherwise prolong the life of a dying person
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passive euthanasia
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A developmental disorder marked by the co-existence of attentional problems and hyperactivity, with each behavior occurring infrequently alone
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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3 types of ADHD
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Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
Predominantly inattentive Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive |
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A disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior
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Autism spectrum disorders
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When do signs of autism show in a child?
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By age 3
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STAT
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Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children
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Learning disability related to writing
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dyslexia
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Learning disability related to math
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Dyscalculia
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Learning disability related to handwriting
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Dysgraphia
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Learning disorders related to a person’s ability to use the information that they take in through their senses – seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching
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information processing disorders
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Cause of learning disabilities
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Differences in brain structure that are present at birth and are often hereditary
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Key difference between a learning disability and intellectual and developmental disabilities
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Learning disabilities do not affect intelligence or social functioning; just the ability to perform a particular task
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Disorder characterized by proliferation of plaques and tangles (abnormalities in cerebral cortex that destroy brain functioning)
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Alzheimer’s Disease
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Irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain disease
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Dementia
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