Psychology Human Development And Motivations And Emotions

Front 1

what are Erik Erikson's first 4 stages of developments?

Back 1

-Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1yr)
-Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (around age 2)
-initiative vs guilt (preschool years)
-industry vs inferiority (elementary years)

Front 2

what does attachment mean?

Back 2

a feeling that binds one to a person, thing, cause, ideal, or the like; devotion; regard

Front 3

what does temperament mean?

Back 3

1) the combination of mental, physical, and emotional traits of a person; natural predisposition
2) unusual personal attitude or nature as manifested by peculiarities of feeling, temper, action, etc. Often with a disinclination to submit to conventional rules or restraints

Front 4

what are the four parenting types?

Back 4

authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful and indulgent

Front 5

what type of parenting is "authoritarian"?

Back 5

restrictive, rule orientated, punitive, no verbal exchange

Front 6

how do children how have been parented by an "authoritarian" end up?

Back 6

-lacks social ability
-will be incompetent in areas because they fear comparison
-they fail to initiate activity/community

Front 7

what does it mean to be an "authoritative" parent?

Back 7

-they urge children to be independent but still provide limites
-they allow for individuality, allow for verbal exchange, and are warm and nurturing

Front 8

how do they children turn out who have been parented by an "authoritative"?

Back 8

they are socially competent and responsible and self reliant

Front 9

how do "neglectful" parents parent?

Back 9

uninvolved

Front 10

how do children who were parent "neglectfully" turn out

Back 10

lack self control and do not handle independence well

Front 11

how do parents parent "indulgently"

Back 11

highly involved with their children but don't have a lot of demands

Front 12

how do children turn out who have been parented "indulgently"?

Back 12

lack self control and always expect to get their way

Front 13

what does gender identity mean and when do kids acquire it?

Back 13

the sense of being male or female; 3 yrs old

Front 14

what is gender role?

Back 14

set of expectations that prescribe how females should think, act and feel

Front 15

biological influences include....

Back 15

your 23rd chromosome (xx or xy)

Front 16

what are social influences on children?

Back 16

toys, pink and blue treatment, activities, careers, hair styles;
kids learn their gender roles through observation and imitation

Front 17

what are cognitive influences?

Back 17

once they see what mom/dad does, then you will start to organize your world around your gender which is rewarding or satisfying to you

Front 18

what occurs during puberty?

Back 18

skeletal maturation:
-testosterone doubles in females
hits females at around 10 1/2 yrs
-estrogen doubles in males
hits males at around 12 1/2 yrs

Front 19

what happens with testosterone?

Back 19

male's increase 18 fold during puberty
-cues the development of their genitals, increase in height and voice change

Front 20

wha happens with estradiol?

Back 20

increase 18 fold during puberty and cues development of breasts, skeletal development and uterine

Front 21

what are the 2 forms of cognitive development and who is the person behind them?

Back 21

-formal operational thought: 11-15: more idealistic, logical, abstract
-adolescent egocentrism: a belief that others are as preoccupied with you as you are
characteristics: unique, indestructible, perform attention seeking behavior
-Piaget

Front 22

what are the myths behind parent-teen relationships?

Back 22

-teens detach themselves from parents and move in to an isolated world of peers
-parent teen relationships are intense, filled with conflict, and highly stressful

Front 23

what are the truths behind parent-teen relationships?

Back 23

secure relationships with parents equals secure relationships with peers and vice versa

Front 24

what is erikson's 5th stage of development?

Back 24

identity vs identity confusion

Front 25

what are the levels of Kohlberg's moral development?

Back 25

-preconventional level of moral reasoning
-conventional level
-post-conventional level

Front 26

what is the preconventional level of moral reasoning?

Back 26

the lowest level of moral thinking where values are not internalized: all decisions are made based on rewards and punishments, environment

Front 27

what is the conventional level of moral reasoning?

Back 27

an intermediate level of internalization. Still is external, take in the standards of others and internalize them

Front 28

what is the post-conventional level of moral reasoning?

Back 28

completely internalized: weighs moral options, sees alternative modes of decision making, choose their own consequence

Front 29

what occurs during early adulthood in physical development?

Back 29

people are at their peak performance and at their healthiest physically

Front 30

what occurs during middle adulthood in physical development?

Back 30

starting to see a slow decline physically in a lot of areas: movement, cholesterol, eyes, ears etc

Front 31

what occurs during early and middle adulthood of cognitive development?

Back 31

come in to adulthood with a more systematic and realistic approach to life than adolescent: less idealistic
-memory begins to decline unless they are active in using their imagination

Front 32

what are erikson's 6th and 7th stages?

Back 32

-intimacy vs Isolation: if identity is formed, then a person can move in to intimacy
-generativity vs stagnation (occurs during middle adulthood): a feeling of needing to assist the next generation vs a feeling of having done nothing for the next generation

Front 33

what happens to the people in late adulthood during physical development?

Back 33

-the more active they are, the happier and healthier they are
-everything is on a decline, but if they are able to keep active for as long as they can they will prolong their life

Front 34

what is alzheimer's disease?

Back 34

degenerative, irreversible brain disorder that affects memory and social behavior: affects over 2 million people in the US

Front 35

what happens to cognitive development during late adulthood?

Back 35

they can outperform early adults in general knowledge and wisdom unless the test is timed

Front 36

socioemotional development of late adults...quote by kierkegaard?

Back 36

"life is lived forward but understood backward"

Front 37

integrity vs despair

Back 37

-late adulthood is a time of reflection
-integrity: seeing life as one well lived
-despair: a life of regrets

Front 38

death and dying: what are Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's stages?

Back 38

denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Front 39

what are motivations?

Back 39

involves why people think, feel and behave the way they do

Front 40

what are biological influences of motivation?

Back 40

-instincts: innate, biological determinate of behavior
-drive: an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need
-need: deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation

Front 41

what are the behavioral/sociocultural Influences of motivation?

Back 41

incentives: positive or negative external stimuli that motivates behavior

Front 42

what are the hierarchy of motives by abraham maslow?

Back 42

-physiological needs
-safety needs
-need for love and belongingness
-need for esteem
-cognitive needs
-aesthetic needs
-need for self-actualization: the development to one's full potential as a human

Front 43

what are the biological factors of hunger?

Back 43

blood glucose (sugar) levels

Front 44

what are the eternal and cognitive factors of hunger?

Back 44

-internal cues: hunger pains and blood sugar
-external cues: how a food smells, taste, looks
-schachter: the difference between normal weight people and obese people are the cues that they listen to the most
-using self control and exercise

Front 45

what are the four phases of the human sexual response cycle?

Back 45

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Front 46

what is intrinsic motivation

Back 46

a desire to be competent to do something for it's own sake

Front 47

what is extrinsic motivation

Back 47

behavior impacted by external rewards and punishments

Front 48

what are the three levels of performance orientation?

Back 48

-helpless orientation: play the victim trapped by difficult tasks, make decisions based on their lack of ability
-mastery orientation: ability and outcomes aren't really a factor; they're more concerned with the process, the journey
-performance orientation: very concerned with outcomes: winning is everything and happiness comes form winning

Front 49

what does bandura say about goal setting?

Back 49

having immediate goals can generate satisfaction based on achievement

Front 50

what is self-efficacy?

Back 50

belief that one has mastery over a situation and can produce positive outcomes

Front 51

what are the four main ways to imporve self esteem?

Back 51

-identify the cause of low self esteem
-finding emotional support and social approval
-achievement: finding out what you're good at
-finding healthy ways to cope that will always improve your self esteem

Front 52

what is emotion?

Back 52

a feeling or affect that involves physiological arousal, conscious experience and over behavior

Front 53

what are the 4 dimensions of emotion?

Back 53

-positive or negative
-primary or mixed
-many emotions are polar opposites
-emotions vary in intensity

Front 54

what are the 4 contributors to happiness?

Back 54

-good self concept
-close relationships
-engaged by work and leisure
-faith

Front 55

what are the primary emotions that are followed with anger?

Back 55

frustration, hurt and loss

Front 56

what are the 5 ways to control your anger?

Back 56

-wait before you react
-no rehearsing the reasons why
-get support from others
-help others, get the focus off yourself
-see the situation from another perspective