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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Development |
ºIs change or growth over time ºIs a process ºHas a beginning ºLeads to the next º Precedes what follows ºOccurs in physical structure and behavior ºIs integrated and orderly and increasingly complex and significantly predictable ¤Is the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout life span |
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Periods of Development |
¤Prenatal (conception to birth) ¤Infancy & Toddlerhood (Birth to 2 yr) ¤Early Childhood (2-->8 yr) ¤Middle Childhood ¤Adolescence ¤Adulthood |
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History of the Field |
¤Charles Darwin was the first scientist to explore out of cultural knowledge ¤Sigmund Freud was the father of psychology and the psychoanalytic theory ¤G Stanley Hall was influenced by Darwin and contributed to adolescence theory and came up with maturation time table ¤Arnold Gessel started the "child study" movement with Hall |
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Basic Questions of Human Development |
*What changes occur? *Why do the changes happen? *How is the organism affected? |
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The Scientific Method |
1. Conceptualize the Problem 2. Collect data * Research Design and Approach * Choose a Method ¤ Observations >Objective, Systematic ºFocus, Specific subjects, consistent procedures, consistent time, consistent location ¤ Questionnaires ¤ Interviews 3. Draw Conclusions/Analyze Data *Interpret patterns of the findings as they relate to the hypothesis 4. Revise if needed |
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Theory |
¤An organized set of ideas meant to explain observer events ¤An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior ¤Must be scientifically verified |
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Hypothesis |
A statement that explains an observation from a theoretical perspective |
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Theories in Development |
¤Shape- Development seen as either continuous or discontinuous ¤Timing- Development seen as because or infancy and childhood ¤Source- Development is due to genetics or environment |
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5 Classical Theoretical Perspectives |
1. Psychoanalytic 2. Cognitive 3. Environmental 4. Biology based 5. Contextual |
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Key Concepts of Psychoanalytic |
¤Describes development as primarily unconscious and colored by emotion ¤Behavior is symbolic ¤Early experiences are key ¤Discontinuous |
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Important Psychoanalytic Theories |
¤Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual 5 stages: oral (b--> 1 1/2), anal (1 1/2--> 3), phallic (3-->6), latency (6-->puberty), genital (afterward) ¤Erik Erikson's Psychosocial 8 stages *Trust v mistrust: infant has to learn that needs will be met *Autonomy v shame and doubt: can't be restrained too much as discover autonomy |
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Key Concepts of Cognitive |
¤Explain thinking & how it changes over time ¤Key words: understanding, memory, reasoning ¤Knowledge is constructed-- learner is active |
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Key Cognitive Theories |
1. Cognitive Developmental 2. Socio-cultural 3. Information processing |
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Cognitive Developmental |
¤Founded by John Piaget ¤Development is genetic ¤Active construction of knowledge and understanding through exploration of experiences ¤4 distinct stages that represent dramatic changes ¤Describes narrative development ¤Sensory-motor, memory, structured thinking, abstract reasoning ¤Discontinuous |
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Socio-cultural Theory |
¤Founded by Lev Vygotsky ¤Development is genetic ¤Active constructionof knowledge and understanding through social interaction ¤Modeling, demonstration, and teaching ¤Language organizes thinking |
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Information Processing |
¤Development is genetic ¤Active construction of knowledge and understanding through development of memory ¤Input to senses --> info processed to store --> Retrieved as output ¤Need to pay attention to do this ¤Paying attention is emotional ¤Continuous and constructivist ¤Dependent on brain dev |
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Key Concepts of Environmental |
¤Theories explain how behavior changes because of external environment or experience |
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Environmental Theories |
1. Behavioral Theories 2. Social Cognitive Theory |
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Social Cognitive Theory |
¤Albert Bandura ¤Modeling, watching others, imitating ¤Focused on observational learning |
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Key Concepts of Biological |
¤Human genetics influences behavior and development progression ¤Adaptation for survival ¤Critical and sensitive periods |
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Biological Theories |
1. Evolution theories - Darwin 2. Maturationists - Arnold Gessel 3. Ethological - Conrad Lorenz (genetic behaviors) John Bowlby - Construct of Attachment |
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Key Concepts of Contextual |
¤Development happens within a system *A multi-layered environmental context |
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Contextual Theory |
Ecological Theory: Uri Bronfenbrenner * Bio genetic core * Immediate environment * Social and economic context |
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Ethics and Research on Humans |
¤Informed consent ¤Human Subjects Review committee ¤No coercion ¤Privacy and confidentiality guaranteed |
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Choose a Research Design |
*Correlational Design ¤The relationship between the variables is tracked ¤Most often used with children and people bc uses little to no interaction with subjects ¤Cannot be used for causation *Experimental Research ¤Random assignment of subjects into 2 groups: control & experimental ¤Can be used for causation *Cross-sectional Approach ¤One point in time, one group of subjects of differing ages, one procedure ¤Pro: don't have to wait for kid to age ¤Con: gives no info about how individuals change or the stability of these characteristics *Longitudinal Approach ¤Many points in time, one group of subjects of same age, different procedures as subjects age ¤Pro: Provides info about stability and change in development ¤Con: expensive and time consuming. Participants drop out as time goes on. Those who stay might not be representative |
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Validity |
The degree to which the research is to be believed |
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External validity |
Can it be replicated in a different context? |
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Internal validity |
Bias in design or method |
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The biology of prenatal development |
¤From conception to birth ¤Begins with the reproductive maturity of a male and female |
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Puberty |
Hormonal changes that cause tissue development including reproductive systems |
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The ovary |
¤At birth contains 4-500k ova in each ovary ¤Each ovum contains 23 chromosomes that have DNA >One is the X |
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Male Reproductive System |
¤With puberty men produce spermatozoa (male sperm) ¤Each mature sperm contain 23 chromosomes and one is either x or y |
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Conception |
¤Process of fertilization ¤Ovum in fallopian tube 24-48 hours after fertilization ¤When sperm penetrates ovum, ovum releases thickening serum |
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Prenatal Development Period |
¤Occurs along a predetermined schedule ¤Involves incredible differentiation (stem cell with no design takes on function) and rapid growth ¤Three Periods *Germinal (zygote) period *Embryonic period *Fetal period |
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The Germinal Period |
¤Zygote: fertilized egg ¤Floats thru fallopian tube ¤Cells continue to divide through mitosis ¤After 1 week, cell begins to differentiate-- Blastocyst |
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Organogenesis |
¤Formation of organs and body parts ¤By week 3, cells have differentiated and migrated into specific layers *Endoderm- internal organs (respiratory and digestive systems) *Mesoderm- Circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive systems *Ectoderm- CNS, sensory organs, and skin |
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Embryonic Period |
¤After 10 days zygote attaches to uterine wall- Embryo ¤Trophoblast- hair like covering burrows into uterine lining |
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3rd week |
¤Development of neural tube: *CNS, brain, & spinal cord |
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4th week |
Heart beat and critical period for protection from environmental toxins |
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The Predictable Progression of Physical Development |
¤Cephalocaudal (from head down) ¤Proximodistal (center out) |
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The Embryos Life Support System |
¤The placenta (doesn't connect to bloodstream of mom) ¤Umbilical cord ¤Amniotic sack >Nutrients pass thru placenta to umbillical cord to baby >Large bacteria are blocked by placenta but smaller toxins can pass to baby |
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The Fetal Period |
¤9-10 weeks, 95% formed ¤A period of rapid growth ¤Behavior become increasingly regular and integrated ¤Brain is growing and connecting |
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Second trimester |
¤3-6 months |
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Third Trimester |
¤24 weeks to birth ¤Covered with hair called lanugo ¤Skin protected by waxy, white vernix |
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2 Important factors in a Healthy Birth |
¤Gestational Age *38 weeks gestation (9 1/2 months) ¤Birth Weight *The lower the weight, the higher the infant mortality chance |
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Premature |
¤Less than 35 weeks (8 months) ¤Lungs last to form |
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Critical |
¤Less than 28 weeks (7 months) ¤Can survive as young as 20 weeks (5 months) under long intensive care ¤Psychologically and physically harmful to baby to not be in utero and instead in NICU |
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Birth weight |
¤Normal: 7 1/2 pounds or more ¤The lower the birth weight, the higher the chance of mortality ¤Low: Less than 5 1/2 pounds ¤Severely low: Less than 3 1/2 pounds |
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Birth defects |
¤Some due to genetic or chromosomal disorders ¤80% of birth defects cause by environmental exposure |
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Teratogens |
Agentd that cross the placental barrier and cause the higher incidence of Physical and behavioral and cognitive deficits |
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The Severity of Teratogenic Effects depends on |
1. When exposure occurs A. Zygote period *Miscarriage B. Embryonic *Effects organs and body structures C. Fetal *Brain, CNS 2. Amount of exposure 3. Individual differences of sensitivity |
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Teratogenic Exposure |
¤Parental habits and lifestyles ºAlcohol ºSmoking >May result in fetal injury, premature Birth, and low birth weight ºCoffee/Caffeinated drinks ºDrugs ºEnvironmental toxins |
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Maternal Conditions that Create Prenatal Difficulties |
*Age *Stress (cortisol is a toxin) *Maternal weight |
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Protective factors |
¤Physiological barriers ¤Nutrition (folic acid) >Low folic acid affects Brain, spine, and CNS ¤Prenatal care >With it, less chance of prematurity and low birth weight ¤Social support |
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APGAR Scale |
A= Appearance P= pulse G= grimace A= activity R= respiration |
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Critical functions |
Circulation and respiration |
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Neonatal reflexes |
Stepping Reaching and grasping Tonic neck Rooting |
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Continuous Theories |
Continuum of growth, quantitative, gradual 1. Vygotsky's sociocultural 2. Information-processing 3. Behavioral and social cognitive |
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Discontinuous Theories |
Qualitative, different stages. 1. Erikson's psychosocial 2. Freud's psychosexual 3. Piaget's cognitive |
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Neonatal states of arousal |
1. Quiet Alert A. Most important for development because baby is sensitive to information 2. Active alert A. Touch is very important-- can swaddle baby, hold baby, and hold to shoulder to calm to make go to quiet alert 3. Crying A. Reflex based on overstimulation B. There kinds of Crying: from hunger, being upset, and overstinulation 4. Drowsy 5. Sleeping A. Half of sleep is in REM B. Brain is stimulating itself and developing |
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Neonatal nutrition |
¤ Digestive system is sensitive because it has never been used so colostrum clears digestive system and delivers moms antibodies and growth factors |
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Breastfeeding |
¤ Nutritionally complete ( has correct balance of fat and proteins) ¤ Healthy growth pattern (promotes mylenation) ¤ Protects against disease ¤ Easily digestible ¤ Clean and free |
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The Social Environment |
¤ Failure to thrive will cause baby to not grow and die without human nurturing ¤ Bonding (genetic response) is a powerful emotional connection after birth that is different from attachment ¤ All care giving must be sensitive, contingent, and responsive |
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Physical Development after Birth |
¤Rapid growth ¤Proximodistal ¤ Cephalocaudal |
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Neural Elaboration |
¤Brain making connections ¤ Dependent on touch ¤ Experience dependent and experience expectant |
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Motor control |
Progression: Reflexes --> gross motor skills --> fine motor skills Based on an ever changing interaction between the neural development, physical growth, goals in the child's mind, and environmental support |
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Constructivism |
How we build our body of knowledge, active learning |
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Behavioral and Social Cognitive |
¤Observable behavior can be learned through experience with the environment ¤Role of learner is passive |
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Ethological theory |
¤ Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical periods ¤Lorenz: goslings imprint on first figure they see as their mom ¤Bowlby' s Attachment Theory: relationship between baby and caregiver is important for survival |
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Research Methods |
Observation, survey, interviews. A research method is a way to collect data |
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Observation |
The best way to research children because parents and teachers can be biased and children can spin tales. |
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Systematic Naturalistic Observations |
Systematic: have to know when and where and how and what to observe and record Naturalistic: observing behavior in real world settings, making no effort to manipulate or control the situation |
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3 periods of prenatal development |
1. Germinal period 2. Embryonic period 3. Fetal period |
