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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nature |
the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception |
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Nurture |
All of the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived |
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Behaviorism |
theory of human development that studies observable behavior |
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Classical Conditioning |
stimulus = response; dog food experiment |
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Operant Conditioning |
Actions are followed with reinforcers and punishments |
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Cognitive Theory |
theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time |
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Fields of Development |
-Scientific -Applied -Interdisciplinary (people from all disciplines work together) -Studying (Change vs Constancy) |
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Dynamic Systems Theory |
-View that human development is a perpetually ongoing process -Conception to death -Influences on development (biological, psychological, social) |
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Lifespan Perspective |
Views development as lifelong, multidimensional & multidirectional, highly plastic, influenced by multiple forces |
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Freud's 3 Part of the Personality |
-Id: largest portion of the mind, unconscious, present at birth, source of biological needs and desires -Ego: Conscious, rational part of the mind, emerges in early years, redirects id impulses acceptably -Superego: the conscious, develops from 3 to 6 from interactions with caregivers |
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Social Learning Theory |
Modeling; extension of the behaviorism theory |
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Piaget's Stages |
-Sensorimotor: Birth- 2 years -Pre-operational: 2-7 years -Concrete operational: 7-11 years -Formal operational: 11+ years |
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Evolutionary Development Psychology |
-Seeks to understand adaptive value of human competencies -Studies cognitive, emotional, and social competencies and change with age -expands upon ethology |
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
-Transmissions of culture to a new culture (values, beliefs, customs, skills) -Social interaction necessary (cooperative dialogues) |
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Four Characteristics of Development |
-Multidirectional -Multi-contextual -Multidisciplinary -Plastic
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Scientific Method |
A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions
curiosity-develop hypothesis-test hypothesis-draw conclusions-report results |
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Scientific Observations |
method of testing hypothesis; systematic |
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Longitudinal Studies |
long & over time |
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Cross-sectional Reasearch |
a study in which researchers first study a group of people at different ages and continue to study them over their lifespan |
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Cohort |
group defined by the ages of its members |
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Correlational Studies |
indicates the degree between the two variables and the likelihood that one variable will occur when the variable does |
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Magnitude vs Direction |
-Magnitude: represented by #0 or #1; closer to 1 is a stronger relationship -Direction: indicated by a + or a - sign |
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Quantity vs Quality |
Quantitative: expressed in numbers, rank, and scales Qualitative: considers qualities instead of quantities |
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Ethics of performing an experiment |
Right of research participants: -protection from harm -informed consent -privacy -knowledge of results |
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Germinal Period |
Implantation, process beginning about 10 days after conception in which the developing organism nestles in and attaches to the placenta |
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Embryonic Period |
-facial features begin to develop -external organs begin to develop -nerves and muscles begin to link to the brain |
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Fetal Period |
9th week-birth |
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How many weeks is a complete pregnancy? |
36-40 weeks |
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Teratogens |
anything that causes harm to the fetus such as alcohol, cigarette smoke, chemicals, living near trash dump, etc.
-More severe in early pregnancy -more ingested, worse for the baby |
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What is the age of viability? |
22 weeks |
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Types of Prenatal Testing |
-Ultrasounds -fetal MRI -chronic villus sampling (CVS; sample of placenta) -Amniocentesis (sample of amniotic fluid) |
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Stages of Birth |
-Stage 1: dilation of the cervix, full dilation at 10cm -Stage 2: pushing and birth of the baby -Stage 3: delivery of the placenta (umbilical cord gets cut) |
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Kangaroo Care |
skin-to-skin contact with the baby |
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Patosin |
starts contractions, induces labor |
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Elective C-Sections |
non-emergency, by choice |
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Birth Weights |
-Optimal: 5-5.5+ -Anything lower than 5 is considered premature |
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Apgar Scale |
quick assessment of a newborn's health; appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration |
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Post-partum depression |
the sadness and inadequacy felt by some new mothers in the days and weeks after giving birth |
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Newborn Reflexes |
-Rooting reflex: infants cheek is stroked and turns his head -Sucking reflex: automatically suck an object placed in mouth -Moro reflex: startle response- flings arms and legs -Grasping reflex |
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Average birth weight |
7.5 lbs |
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Pruning |
the process by which unused material in the brain atrophy and die |
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What are the baby's needs? |
stimulation, sleep, protection |
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How many hours of sleep does the baby need? |
15-17 hours a day |
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Gross Motor Skills |
physical abilities involving large body movements |
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Fine Motor Skills |
physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers |
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Immunizations |
-Primes the body's immune system to resist a particular disease -Contributes to reduced morality and population growth |
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Benefits of Nursing/ Breatsfeeding |
-reduces risk of infant disease -less likely to develop allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease -composition of milk adjusts to baby's changing nutritional needs |
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Colostrum |
first milk that comes from breasts, thick and full of nutrients |
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Assimilation |
type of adaptation in which new experiences assimilate with old ideas |
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Accomodation |
type of adaptation in which old ideas are reconstructed to include new experiences |
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Sensorimotor Intelligence |
Piaget's term for how infant's think- by using sense and motor skills |
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Object Permanance |
things don't go away after they disappear from the visual field |
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Information-Processing Theory |
modeled on computer functioning; step by step descriptions of the mechanisms of thought |
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Child-directed Speech |
high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way that adults speak to children |
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Babbling |
extended repetition of certain syllables that begin when babies are between 6-9 months |
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Naming Explosion |
sudden increase in infant's vocabulary |
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Types of temperament |
-Easy (most) -difficult -slow to warm up - hard to classify (33%) |
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Synchrony |
coordinated, rapid, and a smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant; "in sync" |
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Attachment Styles |
-Secure -Insecure-avoidance: avoids connection -Insecure-resistant: anxiety and uncertainty are present -disorganized: inconsistant reactions |
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Colic |
excessive varying result of immature digestion |
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Rouge Test |
place red dot on face and see if the infant can recognize it in a mirror; tests mirror recognition |
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Ainsworth's Strange Situation
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a lab procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants reactions to stress of adults coming and going in an unfamiliar playroom (video 2) |
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Erikson's Stages |
-Trust vs mistrust: 0-18 months -Autonomy vs shame/doubt: 18 months-3 years -Initiative vs shame and guilt |
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Emotional Regulation |
the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed |
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Types of Parenting Styles |
-Authoritarian: Very strict -Authoritative: in the middle -Permissive: not strict at all |
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Types of play |
-Solitary play -Onlooker play -Parallel play -Associative play -Cooperative play -Rough and tumble play -Sociodramatic play |
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Guilt |
self-blame for when we do something wrong |
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Shame |
feeling that others blame or disapprove us |
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Protective Optimism |
positivity bias helps them try new things |
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Types of punishment |
-physical punishment -psychological control: threatening to withdraw love and support -social exclusion/time-out -explanation/induction: talking extensively to the child about why their actions were wrong |
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Empathy
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ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person |
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Sex vs gender |
Sex is biological, gender is what you identify with |
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Types of aggression |
-instrumental aggression (wanting what someone else has) -reactive aggression (impulse retaliation for hurt) -relational aggression (non-physical acts like insults or social rejection) -bullying aggression (unprovoked physical or verbal attack) |
