Human Bio (Exam 2 ; Set 2)

Front 1

synergistic muscles =

Back 1

several muscles work together to create the same movement

Front 2

what is a muscle?

Back 2

a group of muscle cells with same origin, insertion, and function

Front 3

origin [of muscle] =

Back 3

end of muscle that attaches to relatively stationary bone

Front 4

insertion [of muscle] =

Back 4

end of muscle attached to another bone across a joint ; action pulls insertion toward origin

Front 5

what are antagonistic muscles?

Back 5

muscles that oppose each other such as: triceps brachii and biceps brachii

Front 6

what is the name for a single muscle cell?

Back 6

a muscle fiber

Front 7

what is inside a muscle fiber?

Back 7

lots of nuclei and organelles called microfibrils (contain actin and myosin)

Front 8

what is a bundle of muscle fibers called?

Back 8

a fascicle

Front 9

what is a bundle of muscle fascicles called?

Back 9

a muscle

Front 10

what is the substance that holds muscle fibers into bundles?

Back 10

fascia

Front 11

what is a tendon?

Back 11

fascia that is woven into bone periosteum

Front 12

what is avg life of an eurethrocyte?

Back 12

120 days

Front 13

3 steps of red blood cell production

Back 13

1) O2 sensitive cells (in kidneys) respond to decrease
2) kidneys produce erythropoieten (EPO)
3) EPO stimulates hemocytoblast into RBC production

Front 14

what molecule breaks down red blood cells ; where is it?

Back 14

hemoglobin ; liver or spleen

Front 15

leukocytes

Back 15

white blood cells

Front 16

what % of blood volume = white blood cells?

Back 16

1%

Front 17

2 main categories of white blood cells

Back 17

granular (granulocytes) ; agranular (agranulocytes)

Front 18

4 characteristics of granular white blood cells

Back 18

have lots of vesicles
vesicles eat appart virus or bacteria
short lived (hours - days)
combat: bacteria, fungi, worms

Front 19

2 characteristics of agranular white blood cells

Back 19

vesicles not visible
life span is days to years

Front 20

2 subtypes of agranular white blood cells ; functions

Back 20

1) monocytes are large
2) lymphocytes => antibodies to kill viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells

Front 21

what is a hemocytoblast?

Back 21

stem cell in the red bone marrow

Front 22

3 steps of blood clotting

Back 22

1) vascular constriction => smooth muscle contracts reducing out flow of blood (may shut down blood loss entirely if tear is small)
2) platelet plug forms => platelets stick together and become very sticky
3) blood clotting (or coagulation) => contains many further steps (basically, blood becomes viscous gel via clotting factors, mainly fibrinogen

Front 23

what is a blood type?

Back 23

antigens + antibodies

Front 24

what is an antigen?

Back 24

ID marker on the plasma membrane

Front 25

what is an antibody?

Back 25

small protein structure that binds to specific antigens to mark them for destruction

Front 26

what is agglutination?

Back 26

binding of antibodies to antigens ; causes clumping of antigens to antibodies
The Rh system

Front 27

3 layers of arteries ; functions

Back 27

1) inner layer: endothelium (promotes smooth blood flow ; extension of heart lining
2) middle layer: smooth muscle (vasoconstrict and vasodilate ; withstands the high blood pressure)
3) outer layer: connective tissue (protects and anchors)

Front 28

what is an aneurysm?

Back 28

endothelium damage (blood pools in-between muscle and connective tissue which can reduce blood flow if it bulges inward ; can blow out aka rupture)

Front 29

what is a capillary bed?

Back 29

branches off an artery and feeds some kind of tissue before un-branching at the junction with a vein

Front 30

3 big mechanism for moving blood back to the heart

Back 30

1) contractions of skeletal muscle
2) one-way valves inside the veins
3) respiratory pump

Front 31

what is the Vena Cava?

Back 31

the largest vein in the body (contrary to the aorta)

Front 32

4 chambers of the heart ; fns

Back 32

1) Right atrium
2) left atrium
3) right ventricle => pushes into lung tissue via pulmonary artery (deoxy)
4) left ventricle => pushes via aorta to all of the body (oxy)

Front 33

septum

Back 33

[muscle?] that separates right and left chambers of heart

Front 34

4 valves of the heart

Back 34

right AV valve => tricuspid
left AV valve => bicuspid
2 semilunar valves