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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organ level
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two or more tissues must work together, ex.-"bone" in humans is an organ because it has two or more tissues, small intestine also.
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"parenchyma of the heart"
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cardiac muscle tissue
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Integumentary system
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Main part: skin, outer covering of the organism, accessory organs= hair, nails, glands in the skin (oil, sweat glands)
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Skeletal system
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206 bones, cartilages, hyaline cartilage, joins (articulations)<- where to bones come together, held by ligaments
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Muscular system
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Skeletal muscles (and tissues), primary histology of system is the skeletal muscle. All skeletal voluntary muscles of the body.
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Circulatory system
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(Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems) heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, lymph, lymph nodes
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Respitory system
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Lungs, trachea, windpipe, etc.
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Digestive system
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GI tract, pancreas
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Endocrine gland
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Pituitary, adrenal glands, secretory products "dumped" in blood (ie: hormones).
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Exocrine system
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Ex: Salivary glands, duct system for transporting secretory products to a desired destination.
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Two regulatory systems
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Endocrine and nervous systems
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Insulin
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Produced by pancreas-endocrine system of the pancreas
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Nervous system
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Brain, spinal cord (>) CNS-Central nervous system
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Gasterentology
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study of the digestive system
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Obstetrician
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Care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and period following delivery. ie: c-sections
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Gynecologist
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Female reproductive system
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Membrane transport
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all cells have a cell membrane; Diffusion: "downhill system", Facilitated: Material is moving from an area of ^ concentration to an area of low concentration.
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of a very specific compound or molecular substance. Net diffusion of water accress the semi-permeable membrane.
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Universal solvent
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Water
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Osmotic pressure
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Pressure from osmosis
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Tonicity
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(Hypertonic, hypo', iso') Hyper-lot of solute, hypo-low solute, iso-no osmosis occuring. EX: .9NaCl is an isotonic solution, while seawater is hypertonic to cells.
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Dialysis
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Separation of large molecules from small molecules by diffusion accross the semi permeable membrane.
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Filtration
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Does require a pressure differential on both sides of the membrane
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Capillary beds
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Small blood vessels-nutrient exchange for water; requires pressure differential (BP)
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Two filtration systems
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Capillary beds, kidneys
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Bulk flow
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Lot of solutes moving in the same direction with the same amount of driving force
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Active transport
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ATP, enzymatic activity required, material going from a low concentration to a high concentration (requires energy)
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Uphill/downhill systems
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Downhill system requires no energy, while uphill system requires energy
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Primary transport
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NA+/K+ pump, high concentration - energy from ATP
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Secondary transport
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kenetic energy from primary transport -> <- occurs at the same time
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Endocytosis
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Into the cell - large molecular substances
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Phagocytosis
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"Cell eating" - the engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes.
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Pinocytosis
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"Cell drinking"-Introduction of fluids into a cell by invagination of the cell membrane, followed by formation of vesicles within the cells.
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Exocytosis
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Out of the cell-large molecular substances- secretory cells/vesicles use these methods
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Transcytosis
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Both endo/exo cytosis (both into and out of the cell)
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Cellular reception
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Dendrites (Without capsule called "naked dendrites")m sensory nuerons, may/may not be enclosed in capsule of epithelial/connective tissues
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Skin
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Large organ (largest in human body), consists of epithelial/connective tissue, 2 square meters, .4-4mm thick.
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Skin
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Top - epidermous
Middle - dermis Bottom - hypodermis |
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Cutaneous sensations
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Tactile - touch
Thermal - heat energy Pain - nocireceptors(?) |
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Receptor mediated endocytosis
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Need receptor (protein) in the membrane to react to whatever is going to come into a vell/targeted by a specific cell
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Tactile sensations (5)
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1) Crude/descriminative touch
2) Pressure 3) Vibration 4) Itch 5) Tickle |
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Tactile sensation - Crude/descriminative touch
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Crude - detects something, texture and shape not determined
Descriminative - Detects precise location - Meissmers carpusles - Merkel cells required |
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Tactile sensation - pressure
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Equip needed: Percinean carpusles (encapsulated) - over wide area, sustained for a period of time before detected.
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Tactile sensation - Vibration
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Meissner and Percinean - free nerve endings that register itch and tickle.
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Skoin (dual organ)
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Ectoderm (epithelial), Mesoderm (connective)
(tissues) |
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Functions of integumentary system
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Protection, (bacteria, microbes, excessive heat loss, water balance, loss of materials), excretion, not involved with nutrition, storage area for blood (blood resevoirs), receiving external stimuli, monitoring environment, synethesis of Vitamin D
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Calcitriol
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Active form of Vitamin D, producted by liver/kidneys
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Skin - two types of connective tissue
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1) aerolar-papillary region of the dermis
2) dense, irregular connective tissue |
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Ectoderm/Mesoderm
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Outer/inner
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Hypodermis
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Also called "subcutaneous" and "superficial fascia" - between the skin and the muscles
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Thick skin
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Palms, heels, palmar surface of the digits, hairless
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Epidermis
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Thin compared to the dermis, mostly consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
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Layers of the epidermous
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(5)
1) Deepest - layer stratum basale (or germinativum) - live cells 2) Spinosium 3) Granulosum 4) Lucidum 5) Top layer - corneum - dead cells |
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Keratinocytes
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Cells that produce heratene-cells loaded with Karotene
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Melanocytes
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Produces melanin-dark pigment
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Longerhons cells
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Involved with immunity, sensative to solar radiation
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Merkel cells
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Discriminative touch - deepest layer of the epidermis
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Pigments
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Substance (molecular) that generates colour
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Most significant pigment in humans
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Melanin and red blood cells (hemoglobin)
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Thick skin
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Dermis-papillary region, aerolar, well pronounced dermal papilla, connective - areolar connective tissue - vascular (blood vessels) - thermal regulation, epidermal ridges
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Epidermal ridges
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Produce fingerprints, developed at about 3 months of fetal development, only identical twins have the same fingerprints.
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Order of energy usage
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1) Carbohydrates/glucose
2) Lipids/fats 3) Protein |
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Hypodermis
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Loose connective tissue
-> panniculus adiposis (major part) - lot of hypodermis, long term energy storage, major fat storage area. |
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Histology of hypodermis
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Loose connective tissue with a lot of adiposis tissue
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Microphages
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Large phagocyctes (cell eaters) - eats disease causing cells via phagocytes
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Plasma cells
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produce antibodies - major part of the immune system
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Thin skin (hairy skin)
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Stratum lucidum is absent, all parts of the body except palms, spinosumond(?) coreneum - quite thin
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Hair
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An epidermal derivative - especially the stratum basale.
2 main parts... 1) Shaft - above the skin 2) Root - penetrates into the dermis |
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Hair follicles that surround the root of the hair
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1) External root sheath(downward growth of epidermis, surrounds root of hair)
2) Internal root sheath *Base of hair follicle is the bulb - contains papillae of hair - nipple like projection ; inside papillae is vascularized (live tissue) that accounts for hair growth, needs blood, which provides nutrition for hair growth. |
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Matrix cells
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Cell reproduction, stratum basale gives rise to the matrix
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Biological growth
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1) increase in cell number
2) increase cell size |
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Statistics related to hair
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Scalp-lasts 2-6 years
Eyelashes-lasts 3-5 months Hairloss(adult scalp)(70-100 QD) |
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Functions of hair
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Protection (from solar radiation), hair to protect insects from ear, hair in nose from keeping dust/follicles out of upper respitory system, eyelashes protect the eyes "protection protection!" Mate selection?
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Sebaceous glands
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Hair is associated (each hair is a sebaceous gland/known as oil glands) can have hairless parts of the body that have sebaceous glands.
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Sevum
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Secretion from sebaceous glands, mixture of fats (lipids), cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts
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