Human Anatomy Exam 2: Chapter 13 Pns

Front 1

Awareness of changes in internal and external environments

Back 1

sensation

Front 2

Conscious interpretation of those stimuli, determines how we respond to stimuli

Back 2

perception

Front 3

Part of the sensory system serving the body wall and limbs, receives inputs from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors

Back 3

somatosensory system

Front 4

Three main levels of neural integration in the somatosensory system

Back 4

receptor level
circuit level
perceptual level

Front 5

Receptor level

Back 5

sensory receptors

Front 6

Circuit level

Back 6

ascending pathways

Front 7

Perceptual level

Back 7

neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex

Front 8

The stimulus energy must match the ________ of the receptor

Back 8

specificity

Front 9

The given touch receptor may be sensitive to mechanical pressure, stretch, and vibration, but not light energy.

Back 9

receptor level

Front 10

The more complex the sensory receptor, the _______ its specificity

Back 10

greater

Front 11

The stimulus must be applied within a sensory receptors ________ (the partical area monitored by the receptor)

Back 11

receptive field

Front 12

The smaller the receptive field, the _____ the ability of the brain to accurately localize the stimulus site.

Back 12

greater

Front 13

stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential called a

Back 13

receptor potential

Front 14

The process of coverting stimulus inot energy of a graded potential is?

Back 14

transduction.

Front 15

Membrane depolarizations that summate and directly lead to generation of action potentials in an afferent fiber are called

Back 15

generator potentials

Front 16

When the receptor region is part of the ________ the terms receptor potential and generator potential are synomous

Back 16

sensory neuron

Front 17

Examples where receptor region is the same as the sensory neuron?

Back 17

free dendrites or encapsulated receptors of most general sense receptors

Front 18

When the receptor region and sensory neuron cell are seperate it is a ______ cell

Back 18

nonneuron

Front 19

Upon stimulation a depolarizing receptor cell produces a _______ potential, which if strong enough causes it to release a neurotransmitter that excites an afferent neuron.

Back 19

receptor potential

Front 20

Information (strength, duration, pattern) about a stimulus is encoded by?

Back 20

frequency of nerve impulses

Front 21

The _______ the frequency, the stronger the stimulus

Back 21

greater

Front 22

A change in sensitivity (and nerve impulse generation) in the presence of a constant stimulus.

Back 22

adaption

Front 23

Fast adapting, gives bursts of impulses at the beginning and at the end of the stimulus.

Back 23

phasic receptors

Front 24

These receptors act mainly to report changes in the internal or external environment.

Back 24

phasic receptors

Front 25

Examples of phasic receptors

Back 25

pacinian and meissner's corpuscles

Front 26

Provide a SUSTAINED response with little or NO adaption.

Back 26

tonic receptors

Front 27

Examples of tonic receptors

Back 27

nociceptors and most proprioceptors (because of the protective importance of their information)

Front 28

The task at the circuit level is to...

Back 28

deliver impulses to the appropriate region of the cerebral cortex for stimulus localization and perception.

Front 29

What links the receptor and circuit levels of processing?

Back 29

the axons of the first order sensory neurons (cell bodies are in the dorsal root or cranial ganglia)

Front 30

Impulses ascending in the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways, reach conscious awareness in the _________

Back 30

sensory cortex

Front 31

Nonspecific ascending pathways

what kind of impulses?
what kind of information?

Back 31

transmit pain, temperature, coarse touch impulses

information is fairly general, nondiscriminatory, heavily invovled in emotional aspects of perception (pleasure, pain, etc)

Front 32

What pathway gives information in a fairly general, nondiscriminatory, heavily involved in emotional aspects of perception (pleasure, pain, etc)

Back 32

nonspecific pathways

Front 33

Specific ascending pathways

Back 33

Involved in the discriminative aspects of touch (Tactile discrimination)

Front 34

tactile discrimination

ex?

Back 34

discriminative aspects of touch

vibration, pressure, conscious propriooception (limb and joint position)

Front 35

proprioceptive

Back 35

limb and joint position

Front 36

Proprioceptive impulses are conducted via the _______________ end at the cerebellum

Back 36

spinocerebellar tracts

Front 37

Proprioceptive impulses use information to?

Back 37

coordinate skeletal muscle activity

Front 38

Interpretation of sensory input occurs in the _______

Back 38

cerebral cotex

Front 39

The ability to identify sensations depends on the

Back 39

specific location of the target neurons in the sensory cortex

Front 40

Each _________ is analogus to a "labeled line" that tells the brain "who is calling __________, and from where.

Back 40

sensory fiber

tells who: taste bud or a pressure receptor

Front 41

A phenomenon called ___________, where the exact point in the cortex that is activated always refers to the same "where" regardless of how it is activated

Back 41

projection

Front 42

The ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred; its the simplest level of perception.

Back 42

perceptual detection

Front 43

how many receptor impulses must be summed for perceptual detection to occur.

Back 43

several

Front 44

The ability to detect how intense the stimulus is.

Back 44

magnitude estimation

Front 45

Because of frequency coding, ________ increases as stimulus intensity increases.

Back 45

perception

Front 46

Allows us to identify the site or pattern of stimulation

Back 46

spatial discrimination

Front 47

A common tool used for studying spatial discrimination in the laboratory is the ___________

Back 47

two point discrimination test

Front 48

This test determines how close together two points on the skin can be and still be perceived as two points rather than as one.

Back 48

two-point discrimination test

Front 49

The two point discrimination test provides a crude map of the ___________ in the various regions of the skin

Back 49

density of the tactile receptors

Front 50

The distance between perceived points on two point discrimination test varies from ____ mm on highly sensitive body areas (tip of tongue) to more than _____ mm on less sensitvive areas (back)

Back 50

5 to 50 mm

Front 51

Is the mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature in preference to others

Back 51

feature abstraction

Front 52

__________ enables us to identify more complex aspects of a sensation

Back 52

feature abstraction

Front 53

One touch tells us that velvet is warm, compressible, and smooth but not completely continuous, each a feature that contributes to our perception of "velvet."

Back 53

feature abstraction

Front 54

The ability to differentiate the submodalities (qualities) of a particular sensation.

Back 54

quality discrimination

Front 55

Each _______ has several qualities (submodalities)

ex: taste: bitter and sweet

Back 55

sensory modality

Front 56

Is the ability to take in a scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance for us

Back 56

pattern recognition

Front 57

Example: A figure made of dots may be recognized as a familiar face, and when we listen to music, we hear the melody, not jsut a string of notes

Back 57

pattern recognition

Front 58

Are specialized to respond to changes in their environment

Back 58

sensory receptors

Front 59

environmental changes

Back 59

stimuli

Front 60

Activation of a sensory receptor by an adequate stimulus results in ________ that trigger __________ along the PNS fibers to the CNS

Back 60

graded potentials
nerve impulses

Front 61

Both perception and sensation of a stimulus occurs in the _____

Back 61

brain

Front 62

3 ways to classify sensory receptors

Back 62

1)type of stimulus they detect
2) body location
3) structural complexity

Front 63

5 receptor classes

Back 63

1) mechanoreceptors
2) thermoreceptors
3) photoreceptors
4) chemoreceptors
5) nociceptors

Front 64

Gernerate nerve impulses when they, or adjacent tissues, are deformed by a mechanical force such as touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch

Back 64

mechanoreceptors

Front 65

Receptors are sensitive to temperature changes

Back 65

thermoreceptors

Front 66

Receptors such as those of the retina of the eye, respond to light energy

Back 66

photoreceptors

Front 67

Respond to chemicals in solution (molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry)

Back 67

chemoreceptors

Front 68

Respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain


(ex: searing heat, extreme cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)

Back 68

nociceptors

Front 69

These signals stimulate subtypes of thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors

Back 69

noicepotors

Front 70

3 receptor classes according to their location or location of the activating stimulus

Back 70

1) exteroceptors
2) interoceptors (Visceroceptors)
3) proprioceptors

Front 71

Sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body

Back 71

exteroceptors

Front 72

These receptors are near or at the body surface

Back 72

exteroceptors

Front 73

They include touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin and most receptors of the special senses (vision, hearing, equilibruim, taste, smell)

Back 73

exteroceptors

Front 74

Interoceptors are also known as

Back 74

visceroceptors

Front 75

These receptors respond to stimuli within the body, such as from the internal viscera and blood vessels.

Back 75

interoceptors

Front 76

These receptors monitor a variety of stimuli, including chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature. We are usually unaware of their workings

Back 76

interoceptors

Front 77

Sometimes these receptors activity causes us to feel pain, discomfert, hunger, or thirst. but usually we are unaware of their working

Back 77

interoceptors

Front 78

These receptors respond to internal stimuli but location is more restricted.

Back 78

proprioceptors

Front 79

Proprioceptors occur in what parts of the body?

Back 79

skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments

and in connective tissue coverings of the bones and muscles

Front 80

These receptors constantly advise the brain of our body movements by monitoring how much the organs containing these receptors are stretched.

Back 80

proprioceptors

Front 81

These receptors constantly advise the brain of our body movements by monitoring how much the organs containing these receptors are stretched.

Back 81

proprioceptors

Front 82

Classification based on receptors structure (2)

Back 82

Simple and complex receptors

Front 83

The majority of receptors are what structural classification

Back 83

simple

Front 84

These receptors are modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons.

Back 84

simple receptors

Front 85

These receptors are foound throughout the body and monitor most types of general sensory information

Back 85

simple receptors

Front 86

localized collections of cells (usually many types) associated with special senses such as vision,hearing, equilbruium, smell,taste

Back 86

sense organs

Front 87

complex receptors are really....

Back 87

sense organs

Front 88

What type of receptors are associated with the general senses

Back 88

simple sensory receptors

Front 89

Eye is composed not only of sensory neurons but also of ________ cells that form its supporting wall, lens, and other associated structures

Back 89

nonneural cells

Front 90

involved in tactile sensation (a mix of touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration)

in temperature monitoring

and pain,

as well in the "muscle sense"

Back 90

general sensory receptors

Front 91

"muscle sense" provided by ________

Back 91

proprioceptors

Front 92

Simple sensory receptors can either be what anatomically two things

Back 92

1) unencapsulated (free) nerve endings

2) encapsulated nerve endings

Front 93

Unencapsulated Dendritic Endings (free or naked nerve endings) are found where in the body? and most abundant where?

Back 93

found nearly all over your body

most abundant in epithelia and connective tissues

Front 94

The sensory fibers of unencapsulated dendritic endings are usually?

Back 94

-unmyelinated
-small diameter C fibers
-distal endings (Sensory terminals) have small knoblike swellings

Front 95

These type of simple sensory receptors respond to temperature, painful stimuli, and some to tissue movements caused by pressure as well.

Back 95

unencapsulated dendritic endings

Front 96

Heat or cold outside the range of thermoreceptors activates ______ and is perceived as painful

Back 96

nociceptors

Front 97

_________ respond to pinch and chemicals released from damaged tissue

Back 97

nocicepotrs

Front 98

________ receptor in the plasma membrane of _______ free nerve endings is an ion channel that is opened by heat, low PH, and the substance found in rep peppers called _______

Back 98

vanilloid receptor

nociceptive

capsaicin

Front 99

______ receptor, sensation of free nerve endings, thin diameter, number of chemicals (histamine) present at inflamed sites activate these nerve endings

Back 99

itch receptor

Front 100

What chemical is notably present and activates the free nerve endings of a itch receptor?

Back 100

histamine

Front 101

Why did itch receptor escape detection?

Back 101

thin diameter

Front 102

These free nerve endings assiciate with enlarged, disc-shaped epidermal cells to form

Back 102

merkel (Tactile) discs

Front 103

Tactile discs assicate with what epidermal cells?

Back 103

merkel cells

Front 104

Where do Merkel (Tactile) discs located?

Back 104

in the deeper layers of the epidermis

Front 105

Merkel (Tactile) discs function as _______ receptors

Back 105

light touch receptors

Front 106

Free nerve endings that wrap basketlike around hair follicles, are light touch receptors that detect bending of hairs and tickle of a mosquito on your skin?

Back 106

hair follicle receptors

Front 107

Hair follicle receptors detect as _______ receptors

Back 107

light touch receptors

Front 108

Consist of one or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclosed in a connective tissue capsule.

Back 108

encapsulated dendritic endings

Front 109

All encapsulated receptors are ________ but do vary in shape, size and distribution in the body

Back 109

mechanoreceptors

Front 110

small receptors in which a few spiraling sensory terminals are surrounded by schwann cells then then bya thin egg shaped connective tissue capsule

Back 110

Meissner's coruscles

Front 111

Meissner's coruscles are small receptors where spiraling sensory terminals are surrounded by __________ and then by _________ capsule

Back 111

schwann cells

thin egg shaped connective tissue capsule

Front 112

Where are the Meissner's corpuscles found?

Back 112

beneath the epidermis in the dermal papillae

numerous in sensitive and hairless skin areas such as nipples, fingertips, and soles of the feet

Front 113

type of receptor that is numerous in sensitive and hairless skin areas such as nipples, fingertips, and soles of the feet

Back 113

Meissners corpuscles

Front 114

receptors for discriminative touch, and apparently play the same role in light touch reception in hairless skin as do the hair follicle receptors in hairy skin

Back 114

tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corupuscles)

Front 115

Pacinian corpuscles are also called? And found?

Back 115

lamellated corpuscles

deep in the dermis and in subcutaneous tissue underlying the skin

Front 116

These are mechanoreceptors stimulated by deep pressure, but only when the pressure is first applied

Back 116

pacinian corpuscles

Front 117

these mechanoreceptors are best for monitoring vibration (on/off pressure stimulus)

Back 117

pacinian corpuscles (lamellated corpuscles)

Front 118

largest corpuscular receptors

Back 118

pacinian corpuscles (lamellated corpuscles)

Front 119

these receptors are long and half as wide, visible to the naked eye as white, egg shaped bodies. resembles a cut onion

Back 119

pacinian corpuscles

Front 120

Pacinian corpuscle, single dendrite is surrounded by?

Back 120

a cpasule containing up to 60 layers of collagen fibers and flattened supporting cells

Front 121

Lie in the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, joint capsules, and contain a spray of receptor endings enclosed by a flattened capsule.

Back 121

ruffini endings

Front 122

these receptors respond to deep CONTINOUS pressure

Back 122

ruffini endings

Front 123

spindle shaped proprioceptors

Back 123

muscle spindles

Front 124

muscle spindles are found through out _______ of a skeletal muscle

Back 124

perimysium

Front 125

bundle of modified skeletal muscle fibers in each muscle spindle ________

and they are enclosed in __________

Back 125

intrafusal fibers

enclosed in a connective tissue capsule

Front 126

These ________ detect muscle stretch and initiate a reflex that resists stretch

Back 126

muscle spindles

Front 127

these are proprioceptors located in tendons?

they are located?

Back 127

golgi tendon organs


close to the skeletal muscle insertion

Front 128

Golgi tendon organs consist of small bundles of _____ fibers enclosed in a layered capsule, with ____________ coiling between and around the fibers

Back 128

collagen

sensory terminals

Front 129

Golgi tendon organs are activated __________ is inhibited, causing it to relax

Back 129

contracting muscle is inhibited, c

Front 130

Tendon fibers are stretched by muscle contraction, the nerve endings are activated by ____________. Once Gogli tendon organs are activated _________

Back 130

compression


the contracting muscle is inhibited, then it relaxes

Front 131

Proprioceptors that monitor stretch in the articular capsules that enclose synovial joints

Back 131

joint kinesthetic receptors

Front 132

How many receptor types contribute to joint kinesthetic receptors? and what are they?

Back 132

at least four

pacinian corpuscles
ruffini endings
free nerve endings
receptors resembling Golgi tendon organs

Front 133

These receptors provide information on joint position and motion, a sensation we are highly conscious of?

Back 133

joint kinesthetic receptors

Front 134

70 percent of all sensory receptors in the body are in the _____

Back 134

eyes

Front 135

Accessory structures of the eye include? (5)

Back 135

eye brows
eyelids
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles

Front 136

What structure moves the eye medially

Back 136

corrugator

Front 137

what depresses the eyebrow?

Back 137

contraction of the orbicularis muscle

Front 138

what are deep to the skin of the eyesbrows? 2 structures

Back 138

orbicularis oculi and
corrugator muscles

Front 139

Short, coarse hairs that overlie the supraorbital margins of the skull

Back 139

eyebrows

Front 140

help shade eye from sunlight and prevent perspiration trickling down the forehead

Back 140

eyebrows

Front 141

short, coarse hairs that overlie the supraorbital margins of the skull

Back 141

eyebrows

Front 142

anteriorly eyes are protected by the mobile eyelids also called

Back 142

palpebrae

Front 143

eyelids are seperated by ___________ "eyelid slit"

Back 143

palpebral fissure

Front 144

eyelids meet at the medial and ___________

Back 144

lateral commissures

Front 145

________ has a fleshy elevation called the lacrimal caruncle (sebaceous sweat glands produces oil secretion during sleep)

Back 145

medial canthus

Front 146

sebaceous and sweat glands and produces the qhitish oily secretion called teh sandman's eye-sand that sometimes collects at the medial canthus, especialy during sleep

Back 146

lacrimal caruncle

Front 147

lacrimal caruncle secretions collect at __________

Back 147

medial canthus

Front 148

eyelids are supported by connective tissue sheets called __________

Back 148

tarsal plates

Front 149

these anchor orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae superioris muscles that run within the eyelid

Back 149

tarsal plates

Front 150

tarsal plates anchor two things within the eyelid?

Back 150

orbicularis oculi
levator palpebrae superioris muscles

Front 151

encircles the eye, when it contracts the eye closes

Back 151

orbicularis muscle

Front 152

why is the upper lid much more mobile and larger?

Back 152

levator palpebrae superioris muscle

Front 153

this raises the eyelid to open the eye

Back 153

levator palpebrae superioris muscles

Front 154

this prevents drying of the eyes because each time we blink, accessory structure secretions (oil, muscus, and saline solution) are spread across the eyeball surface.

Back 154

reflex blinking

Front 155

each time we blink accessory structure secretions contain what?

Back 155

oil
muscus
saline solution

Front 156

projecting from the free margin of each eyelid are the

Back 156

eyelashes

Front 157

follicles of the eyelash hairs are richly innervated by

Back 157

hair follicle receptors

Front 158

anything that touches the eyelashes triggers

Back 158

reflex blinking

Front 159

their ducts open at the eyelid edge just posterior to the eyelashes
(they are embedded in the tarsal plates)

Back 159

tarsal glands

Front 160

these modified sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eyelid and the eye and prevents the eyelids from sticking together

Back 160

tarsal glands

Front 161

even smaller more typical sebaceous glands, and modified sweat glands that lie between the hair follicles of the eyelash

Back 161

ciliary glands

Front 162

rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus

Back 162

intrinsic reflex

Front 163

many visceral reflexes are regulated by the subconscious lower regions of the CNS?

Back 163

THE brainstem and spinal cord

Front 164

these reflexes result from practice or repetition

Back 164

learned, acquired reflexes

Front 165

serial processing mediated by the SPINAL CORD and pain awareness reflects simultaneous parallel processing of the sensory input

Back 165

withdrawl reflex

Front 166

reflexes occur over highly specific neural paths called

Back 166

reflex arcs

Front 167

five components of a reflex arc

Back 167

1) receptor
2) sensory neuron
3) integration center
4) motor neuron
5) effector

Front 168

reflex arc: receptor

Back 168

site of stimulus action

Front 169

transmits afferent impulses to the CNS (reflex arc)

Back 169

sensory neuron

Front 170

reflex arc: may be a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron (monosynaptic reflex)

or more complex multiple synapses with chains of interneurons (polysynaptic reflex)

its always in the CNS

Back 170

intergreation center

Front 171

complex reflex arcs, more complex multiple synapses with chains of interneurons

Back 171

polysynaptic reflex

Front 172

single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, in the integration center of a reflex arc

Back 172

monsynaptic reflex

Front 173

intergration center always lies where?

Back 173

in the CNS

Front 174

reflex arc: conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ

Back 174

motor neuron

Front 175

reflex arc: muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses (by contracting or secreting)

Back 175

effector

Front 176

reflexes are classified functionally as _______ if they activate skeletal muscle

Back 176

somatic reflexes

Front 177

reflexes are classified functionally as _________ if they activate visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands!)

Back 177

autonomic (visceral) reflexes

Front 178

somatic reflexes are mediated by the ________

Back 178

spinal cord

Front 179

somatic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord are called __________

Back 179

spinal reflexes

Front 180

if the spinal cord is transected ________ occurs

Back 180

spinal shock

Front 181

all functions controlled by the cord are immediately depressed

Back 181

spinal shock

Front 182

spinal reflexes are common in ________ animals

Back 182

decerebrate (brain has been destroyed, spinal cord is functional)

Front 183

Two types of proprioceptors play important role in spinal reflexes

Back 183

golgi tendon organs
muscle spindles

Front 184

Muscle spindles do what in spinal reflexes?

Back 184

gives info on the length of the muscle

Front 185

Golgi tendon organs do what in spinal reflexes?

Back 185

gives info on the amount of tension in the muscle and its associated tendons

Front 186

Two types of proprioceptors play an important role in spinal reflexes and also provide essential feedback to the ________ and _________

Back 186

cerebral cortex
cerebellum