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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
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Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
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Shunts blood to "needy" areas, speeds or slows heart rate, adjusts blood pressure, and body temp, increases or decreases stomach secretions
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Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
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Automatic Nervous System (ANS) is also called?
(2) |
1) involuntary nervous system (subconscious control)
2) general visceral motor system (location of most of its effectors) |
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2 divisions of automatic nervous system
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1) parasympathetic
2) sympathetic |
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Differences of Somatic and ANS
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-Effectors
-Efferent pathways -Neurotransmitter effects |
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Two divisions of the motor division of the PNS
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Automatic nervous system
somatic nervous system |
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This system stimulates skeletal muscles
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somatic nervous system
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This system stimulates cardiac, smooth muscle and glands
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Automatic Nervous System
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Where are the neuron cell bodies located in the somatic nervous system?
Where are the axons? |
Motor neuron cells bodies are located in the CNS
Axons extend in spinal and cranial nerves all the way to the muscles they activate |
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Uses a two-neuron chain to its effectors: preganglionic neuron (preganglanic axon) and ganglionic neuron (postganglanic axon)
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Automatic Nervous System
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What fibers are typically thick, heavily myelinated group A fibers that conduct impulses rapidly
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Somatic motor fibers
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Synapses with the second motor neuron, axons are lightly myelinated, thin fibers?
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preganglionic axon
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Where is the preganglionic neuron cell body located ?
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the brain or spinal cord
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Where is the ganglionic neuron cell body located ?
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The cell body lies in the automatic ganglion--cell bodies outside the CNS
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Extends to the effector organ axons. They are even thinner and are unmyelinated
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Postganglionic axon
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Preganglionic neuron, Preganglionic axon, Ganglionic neuron, Postganglionic axon are components of what system
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ANS
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The conduction through which efferent chain is slower?
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The Automatic efferent chain is slower than the conduction in the somatic motor chain
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Also known as Motor ganglia, containing the cell bodies of motor neurons are called?
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automatic ganglia
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Sites of synapse and info transmission from preganglionic to ganglionic neurons?
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Automatic ganglia
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Which division lacks ganglia entirely?
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somatic motor division
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Dorsal root ganglia are part of what division of the PNS?
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Sensory
(not motor) |
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All somatic neurons release __________ at their synapses with ________ fibers
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acetylcholine (ACh) and skeletal muscle fibers
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What are somatic neurotransmitter effects? And what happens when stimulation reaches threshold?
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Somatic neuotransmitter effects is always EXCITATORY
If stimulation reaches threshold, muscle fibers contract |
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ANS neurotransmitters released by postganglionic automatic fibers?
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norepinephrine (NE) and ACh
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Sympathetic fibers secrete?
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norepinephrine
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Parasympathetic fibers secrete?
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ACh
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Effect of ANS neurotransmitters? Effect depends on what?
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Depends on TYPE OF RECEPTORS present on the target organ
The effect can be excitation or inhibition |
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________ regulate and coordinate both somatic and automatic motor activities
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higher brain centers
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________ of two divisions counterbalances each other activities to keep body systems running smoothly
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dual intervation
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This division mobilizes the body during activity
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Sympathetic
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The division promotes maintenance functions and conserves body energy
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parasympathetic division of ANS
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"Resting and digesting"
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parasympathetic division
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Keeps body energy use as low as possible even as it directs vital "housekeeping" activities like digestion and elimination of feces and urine
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parasympathetic division
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Explains why its a good idea to relax after a heavy meal
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parasympathetic division, so the sympathetic activity doesn't intervene
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3 Activities of parasympathetic division
(releases ACh) |
1) regulation of blood pressure and heart rate
2) gastronintestinal tract is actively digesting food 3) pupils are constricted |
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"fight or flight" system
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sympathetic division
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Division used when excited or in emergency, rapid pounding of heart, deep breathing, dry mouth, cold, sweaty skin, DILATED eye pupils,
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Sympathetic nervous system
signs of sympathetic nervous system mobilization |
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Less obvious signs: changes in brain patterns, electrical resistance in skin, galvanic skin resistance of what system?
they are recorded in lie detector tests |
sympathetic division
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_____ and _________ blood vessels are constricted in the sympathetic system
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visceral and cutaneous blood vessels
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What system do the bronchioles in the lungs dilate which increase ventilation?
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sympathetic division
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This system temporarily stops nonessential activities such as digesting food
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sympathetic division
(releases noreprinephrine) |
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Function is to provide optimal conditions to respond to a threat (to run, to see better, think more clearly etc)
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sympathetic division
(releases noreprinephrine) |
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What NT does sympathetic division release?
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noreprinephrine
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Parasympathetic division is called the ___ division which equals ______, _______, _________.
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D division
digestion, defecation,diuresis |
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Sympathetic division is called the ___ division which equals _____, ________.________.
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E division
exercise, excitement, emergency |
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Where does the paraympathetic fibers orginate from?
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brain and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral)
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Where does the sympathetic fibers originate from?
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thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
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What are the lengths of the parasympthetic fibers?
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Long preganglionic and short postganglion fibers
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What are the lengths of the sympathetic fibers?
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short preganglionic and long postganglion fibers
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Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located?
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viscerol effector organs
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Where are the sympathetic ganglia located?
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located close to the spinal cord
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______ the preganglionic fibers spring from opposite ends of the CNA- brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord
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craniosacral division
(parasympathetic division) |
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Preganglion axons synapse with the ganglionic neurons located in ___________
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terminal ganglia
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Are the synapse for preganglion axons and ganglianic neurons. They live very close to or within target organs
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terminal ganglia
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Very short _______ issue from terminal ganglia and synapse with effector cells in their immediate area.
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postganglionic axons
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Parasympathetic fibers of the ____________ innervate smooth muscles in the eyes
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oculomotor nerves (3)
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This nerve causes public to constrict and lenses to bulge (needed to focus on close objects)
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oculomtor nerves (3)
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the preganglionic axons of the oculomotor nerve tissue, that are in the midbrain
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accessor oculomotor nuclei
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The cell bodies of the ganglionic nuerons that are within the eye orbits
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ciliary ganglia
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Parasympathetic fibers of the ____________ innervate many large glands in the head
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facial nerves (VII)
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Fibers that activate the nasal glands and lacriminal glands of the eyes
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facial nerves (VII)
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Where do the fibers of the facial nerves originate?
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originate in the lacrimal nuclei of the pons
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They are posterior to the maxillae--where the preganglion and ganglic neurons synapse
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pterygopalatine ganglia
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Where the preganglionc neurons that stimulate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands originate
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superior salivatory nuclei of the pons
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Where the submandibular and sublingulal salivary gland synapse with ganglia neurons
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submanbibular ganglia
(sub- deep to the mandibular angles) |
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Originate in the inferior salivatory nuclei of the medulla
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glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)
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Synapse in the otic ganglia
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glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)
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Where are the optic ganglia located?
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inferior to the foramen ovale of the skull
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Activates the parotid salivary glands
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glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)
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Where are the paratoid salivary glands located?
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anterior to the ears
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Cranial nerves _______ supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head
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III, VII, IX
oculomotor, facial, glossopharynegeal |
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What lies within the 3 cranial nerves and what does not?
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preganglionic fibers, and postganglionic fibers do not!
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Distal ends of preganglionic fibers "jump over" to branches of the ___________ nerves to synapse
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trigeminal nerves
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What travel in the trigeminal nerves and what do they do?
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postganglionic fibers travel in the trigeminal nerves to reach the face
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What accounts for 90 percent of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the body?
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2 vegus nerves
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Provides fibers to the neck and to nerve plexuses
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vagus nerves (X)
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Serves every organ of the thoraic and abdominal cavities
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vagus nerves (X)
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Where do vagal nerve fibers arise mostly from?
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dorsal motor nuclei of the medulla
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Where does synapse occur in the vagus nerves?
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terminal ganglia which are usually located in the walls of the target organ
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Terminal ganglia are collectively called
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intra-mural ganglia "ganglia within the walls"
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Interweaving networks of nerves
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nerve plexuses
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Where do the vagus nerves synapse?
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terminal ganglia (usually located in the walls of the target organ)
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As vagus nerves pass into the THORAX they send branches to the ___what three_ plexuses?
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1) cardiac plexuses
2) pulmonary plexuses 3) esophageal plexuses |
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Interweaving networks of nerves that supply the fibers to the heart, that slow heart rate
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cardiac plexuses
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Interweaving networks of nerves serving the lungs and bronchi
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pulmonary plexuses
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Interweaving networks of nerves supplying the esophagus
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esophageal plexuses
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Where does the intermingle of both vagus nerves occur and what does it form?
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it occurs in the esophagus
forms the anterior and posteior vagal trunks |
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Where do the anterior and posteior vagal trunks travel from?
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esophagus (thorax) to the abdominal cavity
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What nerve innervates the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, and proximal half of the large intestine?
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vagal nerves
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This ______plexus is formed by smaller plexuses what are they (3)?
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aortic plexus
celiac superior mesenteric hypogastric |
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________send fibers through a large aortic plexus they run along the aorta and give branches off to the _______ viscera
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vagal trunks
abdominal viscera |
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What nerves serve the rest of the large intestine and pelvic organs?
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pelvic splanchnic nerves
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What spinal cord segements does the sacral outflow, pelvic splanchnic nerves are from?
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S2-S4
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Lateral gray matter of the spinal cord?
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S2-S4
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Axons branch off through the ventral roots of the spinal nerves to the ventral rami to form ___________?
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pelvic splanchnic nerves
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Where do SOME preganglionic fibers synapse with ganglia in the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
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inferior hypogastric plexus
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Where do MOST preganglionic fibers synapse with ganglia in the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
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intramural ganglia (terminal ganglia-which are in the walls of the organs)
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Innervates the distal half of the large intestine, urinary bladder, urterus, and reproductive organs.
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pelvic splanchnic nerves
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Which division of the ANS innervates more organs?
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sympathetic
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Sympathetic division supplies the visceral organs in the internal body cavities but also _________?
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all visceral structures in the superficial (somatic) part of the body
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smooth muscle structures in the soma that require automatic innervation and are served only by _______ fibers
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-sweat glands and the hair raising arrector pili muscles of the skin
-sympathetic fibers |
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All arteries and veins have smooth muscle in their walls that are innervated by _________ fibers
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sympathetic fibers
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Where do all the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division arise from?
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spinal cord segments: T1 through L2
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Sympathetic division is also called the what division?
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thoracolumbar division
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Produced by the presence of numerous preganglic sympathetic neurons int he gray matter of the spinal cord?
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lateral horns
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visceral motor zones
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lateral horns
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House somatic motor nuerons
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ventral horns
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The ______ horns are absent in the _____ of the spinal cord
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lateral horns absent in the sacral region of the spinal cord
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Preganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through what to leave the cord?
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ventral root
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After preganglion sympathetic fibers leave the cord through the ventral root what do they go to next, and then what?
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white ramus communicans and then sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglion
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Looks like glistening white beads, flank each side of the vertebral column
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sympathetic trunk (chain)
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Sympathetic trunk is also known as
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paravertebral ganglia
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They extend from the neck to the pelvis
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paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunk chain ganglion)
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How many ganglia are in each sympathetic trunk?
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23 ganglia
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23 ganglia in the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral ganglia)
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccylacal |
cervical: 3
thoracic: 11 lumbar: 4 sacral: 4 coccygeal: 1 |
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When a preganglionic axon reaches a sympathetic trunk what are its 3 pathways
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1) synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the SAME TRUNK ganglion
2) it can ASCEND OR DESCEND the sympathetic trunk and synpase with another trunk 3) pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk WITHOUT SYNPASING |
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The communicating branches where synapses are made in sympathetic trunk ganglia?
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gray rami communicantes
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White rami communicante preganglionic fibers are myelinated or unmyeinated?
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myelinated
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Gray rami communicante POST ganglionic fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated?
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unmyelinated
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This type of communicante are found in T1-L2 cord segments and carry PREganglionic axons to the sympathetic trunks found in regions of sympathetic outflow?
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white rami communicantes
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This type of communicate are found carrying POSTganglionic fibers headed for the periphery issue from every turnk ganglion from cervical to sacral regio, they allow sympathetic output to reach all parts of the body?
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gray rami communicante
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Why are rami communicantes associated with the sympathetic division and not parasympathetic?
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Because parasympathetic is never run in the spainal nerves
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Where do the sympathetic preganglionic fibers serving the head emerge from?
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T1-T4
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Where do the sympathetic pathway fibers serving the head synapse?
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superior cervical ganglion
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________ serves the skin and blood vessels of the head (sympathetic)
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superior cervical ganglion
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Superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic) fibers stimulate the ______ of the irises of the eyes
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dilator muscles
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These ganglion inhibit the nasal and salivary glands, along with the reason why your mouth gets dry when scared?
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superior cervical ganglion
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These ganglion innervate smooth (Tarsal) muscle that lifts the upper eye lid
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superior cervical ganglion
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These ganglion sends direct branches to the heart?
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superior cervical ganglion
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Where do the sympathetic preganglion fibers innervating thoracic organs emerge from?
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T1-T6
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Pathway 1 to the thorax, where do the preganglion fibers synapse?
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cervical trunk ganglia
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Pathway 1 to the thorax, where do the Postganglic fibers emerge from, enters, innervate?
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emerge from middle, and inferior cervical ganglia
Enters cervical nerves C4-C8 Innervates the throid gland most serves the skin |
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Pathway 2 to the throax, where do the preganglion fibers synapse?
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nearest trunk ganglion
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Pathway 2 to the thorax, where do the postganglionic fibers go?
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pass directly to the organ served, such as the heart, aorta, lungs, and esophagus
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Pathway 2 to the thorax, what do the postganglionic fibers run into?
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plexuses assosciated to the organs they are traveling directly to (heart, aorta, lungs, and esophagus)
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Where do the collateral ganglia preganglionic fibers emerge from?
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T5-down
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Which ganglia enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synpasing
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cervical ganglia
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Which ganglia form several nerves called splanchnic nerves
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collateral ganglia
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3 splanchnic nerves formed by collateral ganglia
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1) thoracic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least)
2) lumbar splanchnic nerves 3) sacral splanchnic nerves |
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Splanchnic nerves contribute to a number of interweaving nerve plexuses called collectively as __________
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abdominal aortic plexus
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This _________ plexus clings to the surface of the abdominal aorta, and contains several ganglia (C,S,I,I) that together serve the _____________
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abdominal aortic plexus
serve the abdominopelvic viscera |
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What several ganglia make up the abdominal aortic plexus?
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celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, inferior hypogastric
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Pathways to the abdomen, preganglionic fibers emerge from where?
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T5-L2
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Pathways to the abdomen, fibers synapse?
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celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
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Pathways to the abdomen, postganglionic fibers issuing from these ganglia serve what organs?
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stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys
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Pathways to the pelvic, preganglionic fibers originate?
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T10-L2
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