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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of Skeletal Muscle |
1. Support
2. Storage - Made of calciumphosphate, they store it and it can be removed and replaced 3. BloodCell Production - Bones contain bonemarrow, which produces red blood cells 4.Protection - Think about the cranium,rib cage, vertebra, etc. 5.Leverage(Movement) |
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Parts of Skeletal System |
Bones, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments |
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Bone Shapes |
1. LongBones – Longer than they are wide (Humerus, femur, ulna, radius, phalanges)
2. Shortbones – About the same width and length (carpals and tarsals) 3. FlatBones – Made of thin plates/sheets of bone (sternum an occipital, parietal andfrontal bones) 4. Irregular– They have complex shapes such as vertebrae, coxal bones 5.Sesamoidbones – seed shaped (patella) (some people have additional ones embedded intendons and ligaments |
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Structure of a Long Bone |
Diaphysis– the shaft of the long bone
Epiphysis– The end of a long bone EpiphysealPlate/Disc – The long bones go in length, and until we are late teens ortwenties you have this between the diaphysis and epiphysis. It’s a pate made ofhyaline cartilage that can continue to grow. AKA a growth plate. It willeventually ossify (turn to bone). At that point it becomes an epiphysealline. MedullaryCavity – a space within the diaphysis of a long bone. Extends the full lengthof the diaphysis. It contains fat called yellow marrow YellowMarrow – Fat contained in medullary cavity CompactBone – solid and non-porous, forms outer layer of a bone SpongyBone – Very porous, forms the internal portion of the bone. It makes the bonelight but strong. Within this is red bone marrow. h. RedBone Marrow – Makes red blood cells, located in the spongy bone Metaphysis– The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis (the epiphyseal plate iswithin this) |
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Bone Membranes |
Periosteum Endosteum |
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Periosteum |
- Covers the outersurfaces of bones - Fibrous connectivetissue (same as dense irregular connective tissue) - Where tendons andligaments attach (the somewhat grow into the bone) - Contains some bone cells - Bones won’t grow longerafter puberty, but they can grow thicker through exercise. - Bone will be depositedon the outside, and taken from the inside. If you have lack of exercise thebones will get smaller in diameter and sometimes even porous.
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Endosteum |
- Covers the internalsurfaces of the bone (inside medullary cavity, surfaces of spongy bone, etc) - Includes bone cell
- Made of connectivetissue |
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Osteoblasts |
Lay bone |
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Osteoclasts |
Break bone |
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Osteoporosis |
Suspected to be caused by hormone difference, physical activity is one of the best things to prevent it |
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Structure of a Flat Bone |
Havecompact bone on 2 surfaces, spongey bone sandwiched between
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EndochondrialOssification
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The cartilage turningto bone
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Intramembranous
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Membranes turning tobones (like in skull)
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Major Divisions of the Skeleton |
Axial - downthe midline (includes skull, vertebral column, and rib cage) Appendicular - Everything else(shoulders hips, arms, legs, hands and feet) |
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Axial Skeleton - Skull |
-Divided into cranium and facial bones -Cranium: only contains the brain -Facial Bones: everything else |
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Cranial Bones |
Only 6 types because 2 are paired Frontal Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid |
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Facial Bones |
Maxilla Zygomatic (2) Lacrimal (2) Palatine Vomer Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Nasal (2) |
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Frontal Bone |
- Anterior portion ofcranium -Forms superior parts oforbits - Articulates with parietal bones (at coronal suture) -Contains sinuses (paranasal sinuses) which are spaces within abone -In some individuals there is a supraorbital notch/foramen in the superior orbit. Nerves and blood vessels come through this. |
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Parietal Bones |
-Mostly forms the superior portion of the cranium -They are joined to each other by the sagittal suture -They join to the frontal bone at the coronal suture, the temporal by the squamous suture, and the occipital by the lambdoid suture. |
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Occipital Bone |
-Forms the posterior and most of the inferior portion of the cranium - Includes the foramen magnum (where spinal cord exitsskull) *There are two bumps: 1. The Occipital Condyles - (bumps on both sides of the foramen magnum that articulate with the atlas) · 2. External Occipital Protuberance – An attachment site for muscles (has nuchal lines associated withit) -Nuchal lines (superior and inferior) which are also attachment sites for muscles |
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Temporal Bones |
-Form most of the lateral aspects of cranium -Includes a zygomatic process which attaches to the zygomatic bone (the zygomatic process is actually part of the temporal bone) -Mandibular fossa are depressions that articulate with the mandibular condyle -Contains external acoustic meatus which is the ear canal Also includes styloid process and mastoidprocess |
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Sphenoid Bone |
-Described as bat or butterfly shaped -Called the keystone bone because they use to make arches with stone and the last stone at the top of the arch was called the keystone. The sphenoid bone is connected to all other cranial bones. -Forms parts of the sides, base, and front of the cranium -Contains sinuses -Contains sella turcica which contains andprotects pituitary gland -Also has greater wingsand lesser wings -Has pterygoidplates |
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Ethmoid Bone |
- Forms the cribriform plate with many holes called olfactory foramen (they're for our sense ofsmell – for olfactory nerves to reach cranium) -Contains crista galli which holds the brain down anteriorly - Includes perpendicular plate, which forms the superior part of the nasal septum -Includes the superior and middle nasal concha -They form part of the orbits - Also contain sinuses |
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Maxilla |
-Forms center of face,upper jaw, holds upper teeth, also extends upward and forms inferior portions of the orbits -There are holes in it called the inferior orbital foramen for nerves and blood vessels -Has sinuses -Extends and goesunderneath and forms parts of the hard palate -The palatine process forms the anterior 2/3 of hard palate |
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Zygomatic Bone (2) |
- AKA cheek bones - Form the sides of the orbit - Articulate with temporal bones via zygomatic process |
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Lacrimal Bone (2) |
- In the medial orbit (next to nose) - Lacrimal Foramen (a hole) where the lacrimal duct goes through that allows tears to go into the nasal cavity |
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Palatine Bone (2 fused) |
-Starts as two separate bones and then fuses -Forms posterior 1/3 ofthe hard palate |
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Vomer |
-Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum |
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Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) |
- Form lowermost scroll shaped bones within the nasal cavity - On the lateral parts of nasal cavity - -They are separate bones,not part of anything else |
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Nasal |
Form the bridge of the nose, supports bridge of the nose |
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Mandible |
- Common name: Jaw -Has mandibular condyles (rounded bumps that articulate with mandibular fossa of the temporal bone) - Temporomandibular Joint(TMJ) - Holds the lower teeth - Contains mental foramen(front) and mandibular foramen (medial) - Coronoid process there for muscles to attach to to raise the jaw - Mandibular body (all theway around), ramus (vertical portion), and angle (between body and ramus) |
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Hyoid Bone |
-U-shaped - Not connected directly to any other bone - Rests on our larynx(voice box) - Vital for speaking,swallowing, eating - Tongue also kind of rests on it |
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The Vertebral Column |
- Flexible -Twenty six bones in adults (33 in fetal – some fuse for coccyx and sacrum) - Supportstrunk - Contains and supports spinal cord - Divided into regions - Cervical, thoracic,lumbar, sacrum and coccyx (4 fused) |
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Vertebral Curvature |
- We have natural curvature, should be curved from side view but straight fromanterior or posterior view -Cervical (7) and lumbar(5) -Concave posteriorly - Thoracic (12) and sacral(5 fused) -Convex posteriorly |
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Spinal Curvature Abnormalities |
- Scoliosis: Lateral curvature, usually congenital (from birth) can be mild or severe - Kyphosis: “Hunchback”can be congenital but usually develops as people age, its an exaggerated thoracic curvature - Lordosis: “Sway back”, too much of a lumbar curvature |
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Intervertebral Discs |
- Fibrocartilage cushioned between 2 vertebra - Cushioned to allow movement - Support and allow flexibility - Composedof 2 parts: -Nucleus pulposus (not astough, more gel-like, inner portion) -Annulus fibrosis (much tougher, outer portion, around the rim, top and bottom) |
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Injuries to Vertebral Discs |
HerniatedDisc/Ruptured Disc/Slipped Disc: Disc pushes out of the normal position and presses against a nerve and weakens and allows a bulge |
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Vertebra structure |
Body spinous process transverse process articulating facet/surfaces vertebral foramen intervertebral foramen |
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Body (vertebra) |
Disc shaped anterior portion |
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Spinous Process |
Sticks out from vertebra posteriorly |
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Transverse Processes |
Stick out to the sides of vertebra muscles attach to it |
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Articulating facet/surfaces |
Superior and inferior, allow vertebra to attach to each other - they are flat surfaces |
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Vertebral foramen |
Hole through each vertebra that forms the vertebral canal that contains the spinal cord |
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Intervertebral foramen |
Holes between each vertebra that can only be seen when vertebra are stacked. They are formed by notches in the vertebra and this is where the nerves of the spinal cord exit |
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Cervical Vertebra structure |
-Thes have transverse foramina -They are bifid (forked at the end) (only c2-c6, c7 is not bifid and c1 doesn't have spinous process) |
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Which vertebra have transverse foramina? |
Cervical |
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C7 Vertebra |
-Looks very similar to a thoracic vertebra, but has transverse foramen -Called vertebra prominens -Is a "landmark" to see where the cervical vertebra end |
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Atlas Vertebra |
-Is C1 -Articulates superiorly with the occipital condyles of occipital bone -Articulates inferiorly with axis vertebra -The joint between the atlas and axis allows our head to move side to side "no" -The joint between atlas and the occipital bone allows for up and down movement "yes" -Has no body |
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Axis Vertebra |
-Is C2 -Articulates superiorly with atlas -The joint between these two allows the head to move side to side - Has an odontoid process called the "dens" |
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Thoracic Vertebra Structure |
-Spinous process points downward sharply -There are 12 of these -In a given person they are generally medium -Found in the "chest" even though its the back - All 12 have additional facets called costal facets, which are attachment sites for the ribs -Theres a facet on each side |
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Lumbar vertebra structure |
-Typically the largest in the body -There are 5 of them -Found in the lower back -The spinous process is hatchet shaped, meaning its wide and flat and has a sharp edge - some say blade like |
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Sacrum |
-Formed from 5 fused vertebra -Articulates superiorly with L5 -Articulates inferiorly with the coccyx -Articulates laterally with ilium |
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Coccyx |
-AKA tailbone -Formed from 4 fused vertebra (some people can have different numbers but usually 4) -Articulates superiorly with the sacrum |
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Do they typically fix a broken coccyx of clavicle? |
No |
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Bony Thorax (Rib Cage) |
-Composed of thoracic vertebra, ribs, and sternum |
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Ribs |
-First 7 pair connect directly to the sternum by their own piece of cartilage. These are true ribs -Pairs 8-12 are all false ribs, they connect indirectly or not at all to the sternum. If they connect indirectly they connect to the rib above it, if they don't connect at all they are ribs 11 and 12 and are technically called floating ribs |
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Costal Cartilage |
The type of cartilage (hyaline cartilage) that connects the ribs to the sternum |
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Sternum |
Flat bony plate known as the breast bone -Made of manubrium, body, and xyphoid process |
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Pectoral Girdle |
Consists of 4 bones that attach the arms to the torso/thorax. 2 scapula and 2 clavicle |
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Scapula |
-Common name is shoulder blade -Connects to the clavicle at the acromion process -There is a depression on the lateral portion called the glenoid cavity/fossa -The glenoid cavity articulates with the head of the humerus -Said to be triangle shaped -Has raised ridge on the posterior portion called the spine -Below it is the infra spinous fossa, above it is the supra spinous fossa -Caracoid process is a projection/process on the anterior portion of the scapula |
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Clavicle |
-Common name is collar bone -It's the most commonly broken bone in the human body -Connects scapula to the sternum -Sternal end articulates with sternum (manubrium), acromial end articulates with scapula -Is s shaped |
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Humerus |
-Is the bone that forms the upper arm (brachial region) -The head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula -The distal end has 2 structures: *The capitulum articulates with the head of the radius * The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna *The articulating surface of the distal lateral part of the humerus is the capitulum *The articulating surface on the distal medial part is the trochlea -There's a bump on the lateral diaphysis called the deltoid tuberosity |
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What is the articulating surface of the distal, lateral portion of the humerus? |
Capitulum |
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What is the articulating surface of the distal, medial portion of the humerus? |
The trochlea |
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Radius |
-Head of the radius articulates with the capitulum -This joint allows for rotational movement of the forearm -Articulates distally with the carpals -Is the lateral bone of the forearm |
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Which bone of the forearm is lateral? |
The radius |
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Which bone of the forearm is medial? |
The ulna |
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Ulna |
-Trochlear notch articulates with the trochlea of the humerus -The joint between the ulna and the humerus allows for flexion and extension at the elbow |
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Carpals |
-8, each with its own name -Are wrist bones -The passage between them all is the carpal tunnel |
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Metacarpals |
hand bones |
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Tarsals |
Not considered ankle bones, they're foot bones |
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Phalanges |
-They are finger and toe bones, three per finger and toe except thumb and big toe and those are only two -distal, medial, and lateral |
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Coxal Bones, 2 |
-Also known as hip bones -Forms the pelvic girdle with the lumbar vertebra -Has a socket called the acetabulum that articulates wit the head of the femur -Also contains a large hole called the obturator foramen -The joint that connects them anteriorly is called the pubic symphysis -Composed of ilium, pubis, and ischium |
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Ilium |
-Largest and most superior portion of the coxal bone -Contains the greater sciatic notch -Articulates medially with the sacrum |
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Ischium |
-Most posterior and inferior of the coxal bone -Ischial tuberosity is located here. It is the bump that we sit on and muscle attaches to |
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Pubis |
-The most anterior, inferior portion of the coxal bone |
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Femur |
-Upper leg, thigh region -Articulates proximally with the acetabulum -Articulates distally with the tibia and patella (doesn't articulate with the fibula) |
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Patella |
-also known as the knee cap -Articulates with the femur |
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3 Types of Broken Hip |
Intracapsular: -The joints arewrapped with connective tissue which forms a capsule. If it’s broken withinthis capsule its up towards the head. The extra complication with this is ittypically damages the blood vessels because the head is wrapped with bloodvessels Introchanteric -at the trochanter Subtrochanteric -Below the trochanter |
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Are a fracture and a break the same thing? |
Yes |
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Tibia |
-Common name is shin -No muscle to cover it -Bump on the medial ankle is the medial malleolus of the tibia -The tibia articulates proximally with the femur, and distally with the talus -It is in the medial lower leg |
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Fibula |
-This makes up the lateral lower leg -It forms the bump on the lateral ankle, the lateral malleolus |
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Tarsals |
-Tarsals form the posterior foot, there are 7 -Calcaneus (the heal bone) -Talus (articulates with the tibia and fibula) |
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Metatarsals |
-These are the anterior foot bones, there are five |
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Phalanges |
-There are five, each with three parts, numbered from big to (1) to little toe (5) |
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Fontanels |
-These are soft spots on babies skulls where there is no bone. They are composed of connective tissue -There are 4 of them -Anterior fontanel is between the frontal and parietal bones and it is the largest |
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Auditory Ossicles |
There are three bones in each ear called auditory ossicles that transmit sound waves from ear drum to ear |
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Joint vs. Articulation |
Joints are where to bones come together and connect together, articulations is when a bone moves against another bone. One that doesn't move isn't technically an articulation but sometimes they still say it is. |
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Classifications of joints |
Materials holding them together Amount of movement thats possible |
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Types of Joints (material) |
Cartilaginous - held together by cartilage Fibrous - Held together by fibrous connective tissue Synovial - complex cartilaginous |
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Types of Joints (movement) |
Synarthrosis - Immovable (sutures of skull) Amphiarthrosis - Slightly movable (tib/fib, Radius and ulna) Diarthrosis - freely movable |
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Types of Fibrous Joints |
Sutures - this are immovable, so they're synarthrosis, fibrous joints Syndesmoses - These are slightly movable joints like tib/fib, ulna and radius, they are amphiarthrosis, fibrous joints Gomphoses - Described as peg in socket, immovable, only found in teeth, so they are synarthrosis, fibrous joints |
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Sutures |
These are immovable, so they're synarthrosis, fibrous joints
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Syndesmoses |
These are slightly movable joints like tib/fib, ulna and radius, they are amphiarthrosis, fibrous joints
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Gomphoses |
Described as peg in socket, immovable, only found in teeth, so they are synarthrosis, fibrous joints
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Cartilaginous Joints |
Synchondroses - 2 bones are jointed by hyaline cartilage, slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis), think of ribs and epiphyseal plates when growing Symphyses - Bones are joined by fibrocartilage, slightly movable (amphiarthrosis), think pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs Synovial - complicated joint |
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Synchondroses |
2 bones are jointed by byline cartilage, slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis), think of ribs and epiphyseal plates when growing
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Symphyses |
Bones are joined by fibrocartilage, slightly movable (amphiarthrosis), think pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
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Synovial Joints |
-Cartilaginous but complex -Freely movable so diarthrosis -Is called synovial because it has lubricating fluid within it -Contains 5 things |
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5 Things Present in All Synovial Joints |
1. Articular cartilage -Both bones that form the joint have ends covered with articular cartilage 2. Joint Capsule Fibrous connective tissue wraps around and encloses the joint and keeps things out, and keeps things in 3. Joint Cavity Tiny space in joint filled with lubricating fluid 4. Synovial Fluid A lubricating fluid 5. Supporting ligaments There are supporting ligaments to hold the bones together |
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3 Things present in SOME synovial joints
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Meniscus - a disc shaped cushion between the bones in the joint Bursa - fluid filled pad/cushion between a tendon and a bon Tendon Sheath - A fluid filled cushion wrapped around a tendon |
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Meniscus |
a disc shaped cushion between the bones in the joint |
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Bursa |
Fluid filled pad/cushion between a tendon and a bone |
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Tendon Sheath |
A fluid filled cushion wrapped around a tendon |
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Parts of Knee |
- Medial meniscus: On medial side (towards big toe) between the tibia and the femur -Lateral Meniscus: On lateral side between tibia and femur - Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Found inside knee, makes a cross with PCL, one of the most common injuries, is towards the front of the knee -Posterior Cruciate Ligament: Tendon in the center of knee, towards the back - Lateral Collateral Ligament: The ligament on the outside of the knee joint, on the lateral side. Goes from the femur to fibula -Medial collateral ligament: On the outside of the knee, medial side, goes from tibia to femur |
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Allograft |
Tendon/tissue is taken from another person. |
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Homograft |
Tissue is taken from you |
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Xenograft |
Tissue is taken from a different species |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis vs Osteoarthritis |
Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune, Osteoarthritis is typically from age, wear and tear |
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Bursitis |
Inflammation of the bursa |
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Tendonitis |
Inflammation of the tendons |
