Usu Human Anatomy Exam 2

Front 1

Fibrous Joint

Back 1

A classification of structural joints; lack a joint cavity and held together by dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue

Front 2

Cartilaginous Joints

Back 2

A classification of structural joint; lacks a joint cavity and the bones are joined together by cartilage

Front 3

Synovial Joint

Back 3

A classification of structural joint; has a fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the articulating surface of the bones and these articulating surfaces are enclosed within a capsule and supported by ligaments

Front 4

Synarthroses

Back 4

A classification of functional joints; immovable joints

Front 5

Amphiarthroses

Back 5

A classification of functional joints; which are slightly moveable

Front 6

Diarthroses

Back 6

A classification of functional joints; freely moveable joints

Front 7

Pseudoarthroses

Back 7

False joints that occur when a fractured long bone heals as two separate bones

Front 8

There are 3 types of structural joints

Back 8

1 fibrous joints

2 cartilaginous joints

3 synovial joints

Front 9

There are 3 types of functional joints

Back 9

1 synarthroses

2 amphiarthroses

3 diarthroses

Front 10

3 types of fibrous joints

Back 10

1 Gomphoses—teeth

2 Sutures—some bones of the skull

3 Syndesmoses—between the radius and ulna, between tibia and fibula

Front 11

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Back 11

1 synchondroses—epiphyseal growth plate, costochondral articulations

2 symphyses—pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

Front 12

6 types of synovial joints

Back 12

1 planar joints—intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, articulating point of vertebrae, sacroiliac joint

2 hinge joints—humeroulnar articulation, tibiofemoral, talocrural, interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal

3 pivot joints—proximal radiounlar, atlantoaxial

4 condyloid joints—

5 saddle joints

6 ball-and-socket joints

Front 13

6 types of synovial joints

Back 13

1 planar joints—intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, articulating point of vertebrae, sacroiliac joint

2 hinge joints—humeroulnar articulation, tibiofemoral, talocrural, interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal

3 pivot joints—proximal radiounlar, atlantoaxial

4 condyloid joints—

5 saddle joints

6 ball-and-socket joints

Front 14

Aponeurosis

Back 14

A tendon that is a thin flattened sheet like the external oblique

Front 15

Tendon

Back 15

At the ends of muscles, connective tissue, fibrous cord-like, attaches muscles to bones

Front 16

Hypertrophy

Back 16

An increase in muscles fiber size

Front 17

Muscle fibers

Back 17

Another name for a muscle cell, can be 100 micrometers (toe) in length or 35 centimeters (arm)

Front 18

Properties of muscle tissue

Back 18

Excitability--it responds to electrical stimuli

Conductivity--an electrical charge can travel along the cell membrane when it is excited

Contractility--contraction moves bone or propels materials inside body

Elasticity--muscle cell will recoil to its resting length when the applied tension is removed

Extensibility--muscle cell is capable of extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle cells (biceps contracted prohibits triceps)

Front 19

Skeletal muscles

Back 19

Easily observed by the bulges they cause on the exterior of the body, move the bone as lever systems

Front 20

Smooth muscle

Back 20

Propels materials through our internal tubes

Front 21

Cardiac muscle

Back 21

Only found in the heart, used for pumping blood

Front 22

Arthroscopy

Back 22

A surgery used to visualize, diagnose, and treat arthritis, uses an arthroscope (no open wounds), severe joint disease may require joint replacement with artificial prosthesis (knee replacements or hip replacements)

Front 23

Osteoarthritis

Back 23

Also called "wear and tare," harms articular cartilage and bones, caused often by excessive or not enough exercise, Otzi had this condition

Front 24

Intertarsal joints

Back 24

The articulations between the tarsal bones, diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, planar (gliding) joints

Front 25

Metatarsophalangeal joints

Back 25

Articulations between matatarsals and the proximal phalanges of the toes; diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, condyloid joints; allows for limited abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension

Front 26

Interphalangeal joints

Back 26

Articulations between the phalanges of the toes; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joints;

Front 27

Os Trigonum Syndrome

Back 27

Embryonically the body of the talus and the posterior talar process are separate ossification centers. between 7 and 13 it usually appears. Usually it fuses within a year, but 7% of adults have this os trigonum.

This bone along with a traumatic event can cause the disease (like frequent downward pointing of the toes); example nutcracker injury;

treatment may involve rest, icing, anti-inflammatory drugs, and immobilization, or surgery to remove the bone

Front 28

Talocrural Joint

Back 28

Also ankle joint; 2 articulations 1) distal end of the tibia and the talus, 2) distal end of the fibula and the lateral aspect of the talus; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint;

Front 29

Articular Capsule

Back 29

covers the distal surfaces of the tibia, the medial malleolus, the lateral malleolus, and talus;

Front 30

Ligaments supporting the ankle joint on the outside of the capsule

Back 30

Medial side--deltoid ligament

Lateral side--anterior talofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and calcaneofibular ligament

Front 31

Deltoid ligament

Back 31

on the medial side of the ankle joint; extends from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the talus, calcaneus, and another tarsal bone

Front 32

Anterior Talofibular Ligament

Back 32

On the lateral side of the ankle joint; passes anteriorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the talus

Front 33

Posterior Talofibular Ligament

Back 33

On the lateral side of the ankle joint; passes posteriorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the talus;

Front 34

Calcaneofibular Ligament

Back 34

On the lateral side of the ankle joint; runs inferiorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the calcaneus;

Front 35

Most common type of ankle injury

Back 35

Inversion of the sole of the foot; results in partial or complete tear of the anterior talofibular ligament and and the calcaneofibular ligament

Front 36

High ankle sprain

Back 36

Also called syndesmotic ankle sprain; disrupted the interosseous membrane; takes a long time to heal; treatment often involes screwing tibia and fibula together;

Front 37

Allograft

Back 37

A procedure in which the harmed ACL is replaced with iliotibial tract tissue from another person or a cadaver;

Front 38

Autograft

Back 38

A procudure in which the harmed ACL is replaced with a portion of the patient's own patellar ligament or portions of their own hamstring tendons;

Front 39

Zenograft

Back 39

A procedure in which the harmed ACL is ;replaced with tissue from an animal; not common; usually results in immune rejection

Front 40

Knee Joint

Back 40

largest and most complex; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint; articulations 1) tibiofemoral joint between the condyles of the femur and the condyles of the tibia, 2) patellofemoral joint between the patella and the patellar surface of the anterior distal femur;

Front 41

Knee joint articular capsule

Back 41

Encloses on the medial, lateral, and posterior regions of the knee joint; does not cover anterior surface of the knee joint (the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon does);

Front 42

Patella

Back 42

Embedded in the patellar ligament; extends inferiorly from the patella and attaches on the tibial tuberosity;

Front 43

Lateral (fibular) Collateral Ligament (LCL)

Back 43

reinforces the lateral surface of the knee joint; runs from the fibula and prevents the lower leg from moving too far medially relative to the thigh (hyperadduction or varus deviation)

Front 44

Varus deviation

Back 44

The knee moves too far laterally; hyperadduction of the lower leg relative to the thigh; harms the LCL

Front 45

Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament (MCL)

Back 45

Reinforces the medial surface of the knee joint; runs from the femur to the tibia; also attaches to the medial meniscus; prevents the lower leg from moving too far laterally relative to the thigh (hyperabduction);

Front 46

Valgus deviation

Back 46

The knee moves too far medially harming the MCL;

Front 47

Anterolateral Ligament (ALL)

Back 47

Stabilizing ligament on the front surface of the knee; extends form the lateral portion of the femur to the tibia; prevents the knee from collapsing inward (hyperextension and twisting);

Front 48

Medial and Lateral meniscus

Back 48

Fibrocartilage pads; located deep to the articular capsule of the knee and within the joint itself; avascular; together form a donut shape

Front 49

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Back 49

One of the 2 cruciate ligaments in the knee; runs from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia; when the knee is extended the ACL is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension; also prevents tibia from moving too far anteriorly of the femur

Front 50

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Back 50

One of the 2 cruciate ligaments found in the knee; runs from the anteroinferior femur to the posterior side of the tibia; the PCL is tight on flexion; prevents hyperflexion of the knee joint

Front 51

"Locking" of the knee

Back 51

Humans are bipedal animals (walk on 2 feet) and this is an important ability we have; the tibia rotates laterally so as to tighten the ACL and squeeze the meniscus between the tibia and femur; this allows us to stand erect without tiring the leg muscles

Front 52

Coxal (hip) joint

Back 52

also known as the acetabulofemoral joint; diarthrotic, synovial, multi-axial, ball-and-socket joint; between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the os coxae; much stronger than the glenohumeral joint; this joint supports the weight of the body; allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction

Front 53

Acetabular labrum

Back 53

Fibrocartilage which runs along the rim of the acetabulum

Front 54

Articular capsule of the hip joint

Back 54

Is extremely strong and dense; extends from the acetabulum to the trochanters of the femur, enclosing both femoral head and neck; prevents the head from moving away from the acetabulum

Front 55

Retinacular fibers

Back 55

The ligamentous fibers of the articular capsule; reflect around the neck of the femur and provide additional stability to the capsule; retinacular arteries travel through these fibers, they provide almost all the nutrients to the head of the femur

Front 56

Ligamentum Teres

Back 56

A tiny ligament originating along the acetabulum and attaches at the center of the head of the femur; contains a small artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur; this term can be used in other locations

Front 57

Sacroiliac joint

Back 57

Formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum ad the ilium; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, gliding (planar) joint only slightly movable; greater movement occurs during pregnancy and parturition

Front 58

Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

Back 58

For fingers 2-5; diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, condyloid joints

Front 59

Thumb joint

Back 59

Also called pollex; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint

Front 60

Interphalangeal (finge) joints

Back 60

Diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joints;

Front 61

Dislocation of finger

Back 61

Usually occur on posteriorly because there are no ligamentous support; there is ligamentous support on the palmar (anterior) side, lateral side, and medial side of these joints

Front 62

Luxation

Back 62

Dislocation

Front 63

Subluxation

Back 63

partial dislocation; example: pull radius out of the annular ligament

Front 64

Radiocarcap (wrist) articulation

Back 64

Also called the carpus; Diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, condyloid joint, 3 or the 8 carpal bones interface with the distal articular surface of the radius; allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction; a fibrocartilagious articular disc separates the relatively small head of the ulna from the radiocarpal joint (why the ulna isn't part of this joint);

Front 65

Intercarpal articulations

Back 65

Movements in the carpus region; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, planar (gliding) joints;

Front 66

Elbow Joint

Back 66

Also called the humeroulnar joint; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint; structurally a limited synovial ball and socket joint (radius and humerus);

Front 67

Olecranon bursa

Back 67

Humeroulnar joint contains 1 articular capsule and bursa

Front 68

Radial (lateral) Collateral Ligament

Back 68

On the lateral side of the humeroulnar joint; stabilizes the joint

Front 69

Ulnar (medial) Collateral Ligament

Back 69

On the medial side of the humeroulnar joint; stabilizes the joint

Front 70

Anular Ligament

Back 70

Surrounds the medial side of the radius and binds the proximal head of the radius to the ulna; helps to hold the head of the radius in place;

Front 71

Injuries to the elbow joint

Back 71

Center of the trochlear notch may be broken when you fall no an outstretched hand; children may fracture their epiphyseal growth plate at the distal end of the humerus;

Little League elbow

Front 72

Little League elbow

Back 72

Occurs especially in young pitchers; When the head of the radius forcefully collides with the capitulum, damage can be done to the cartilage and the bone

Front 73

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

Back 73

Diarthrotic, synovial, multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint; articulation of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula; greatest range of motion of any joint in the body; one of the most frequently dislocated (inferior anterior);

Front 74

Glenoid labrum

Back 74

Fibrocartilage encircling and covering the surface of the glenoid cavity; deepens the concavity and stabilizes joint

Front 75

Musculotendinous cuff

Back 75

Also called the rotator cuff; includes 4 muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis; tendons encircle the joint, except inferior portion (weak part)

Front 76

Coracoacromial Ligament

Back 76

Extends across the space between the coracoid process and the acromion

Front 77

Coracohumeral Ligament

Back 77

Is a thickening of the superior part of the joint capsule and it runs from the coracoid process to the humeral head

Front 78

Glenohumeral Ligaments

Back 78

3 thickenings of the anterior portion of the articular capsule that may or may not be present and provide minimal support

Front 79

Ligaments that support the glenohumeral joints

Back 79

Coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligament, and tendon (along head of the biceps brachii)

Front 80

Sternoclavicular joint

Back 80

Diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, saddle joint; between the sternum and clavicle; contains an articular disc making 2 separate synovial joint cavities; motion: elevation, depression, and circumduction;

Front 81

Dislocation of sternoclavicular joint

Back 81

Dislocation occurs usually when person falls on an outstretched hand; up an over manubrium

Front 82

Acromioclavicular joint

Back 82

Diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, planar (gliding) joint; between the acromion of the scapula and later end of the clavicle; contains a fibrocartilage articular disc

Front 83

Coracoclavicular ligament

Back 83

Binds the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula; stabilizes the joint because it prevents the clavicle from losing contact with the acromion; A-C separation occurs when this ligament is torn

Front 84

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Back 84

Diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint;

Front 85

TMJ articular disc

Back 85

A thick pad of fibrocartilage separating the articulating bones and extending horizontally to divide the synovial cavity into 2 separate chambers; 1st between the temporal bone and the articular disc, 2nd between the articular disc and the mandible; makes a popping noise when moving out of place, can lock out of place

Front 86

Motions of the TMJ

Back 86

Depression and elevation or the lower jaw (hinge joint); side-to-side lateral movements to grind food (gliding joint); protraction and retraction of the lower jaw (gliding joint)

Front 87

Interverebral articulations

Back 87

2 types of articulations: 1) amphiarthrotic, cartilaginous, symphysis--between the intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies

2) diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, planar (gliding) joint--between the adjacent superior and inferior articular process

Front 88

Ligamentum nuchae

Back 88

One of the ligaments that stabilizes the vertebral column; extends between C7 and the base of the skull

Front 89

back injuries

Back 89

Occur to the L5/S1 disc; rupture of this disc may occur when more than 770 lbs of compressive force are applied to the disc