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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 3 proteins make up thin filaments? |
Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin |
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Which of these proteins binds calcium? |
Troponin |
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Which of these cover the myosin binding sites on actin? |
Tropomyosin |
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What protein makes up thick filaments? |
Myosin |
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What organelle stores calcium in the myofiber? |
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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What neurotransmitter is utilized by skeletal muscle to contract? |
ACH |
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What enzyme is activated in smooth muscle contraction? |
Myosin Kinase |
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What are the ends of a sarcomere called? |
Z Discs |
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What structure anchors the thin filaments in smooth muscle? |
Dense bodies |
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What are the two cells that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
Macula densa & Juxtaglomerular cells |
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Which of these cells serve as the sensors? |
Macula Densa cells |
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What enzyme do JG cells secrete? |
Renin |
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What reaction does renin catalyze? |
Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I |
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What organ produces angiotensinogen? |
Liver |
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What enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II? |
ACE |
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Whichcells in the kidneys are sensitive to ADH? |
Principal cells |
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Where are principal cells located? |
Distal convoluted tubules & collecting ducts |
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What are the names of the two arterioles that bring blood into and out of the glomerulus? |
Afferent & efferent |
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What is the name of the capillary bed that surrounds the renal tubules? |
Peritubular Capillary |
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What are the 3 layers/ structures that filter blood plasma from the glomerular capillary bed into Bowman's capsule space? |
Endothelial fenestrations, basement membrane, slit membrane |
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What cells form the slit membranes? |
Podocytes |
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What cells in the kidney tubules secrete hydrogen ions? |
Intercalated cells |
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Starting from Bowman's capsule space, name the rest of the tubular portion of the nephron? |
Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of hence, distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts, papillary ducts |
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What are the 3 sections of the male urethra? |
Prostatic, membranous, spongy |
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What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? |
Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum |
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What are the 2 layers of the dermis? |
reticular, papillary |
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What cell is responsible for the sensation of touch? |
Merkle cells |
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What cell is responsible for immunity? |
Langerhan cells |
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What cell is responsible for pigment production? |
Melanocytes |
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What cell makes up the bulk of your skin cells? |
Kerantinocytes |
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Which layer of the epidermis is made up of a single layer of mitotically active cells? |
Basale |
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What are the 3 sections of the pharynx? |
naso, oro, hypo |
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Of these 3 sections which ones are lined with stratified squamous epithelium? |
oro & hypo |
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Name the three single pieces of cartilage in the larynx? |
Epiglottis, thyroid, crocoid |
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Name the 3 paired pieces of cartilage in the larynx? |
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform |
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What type of epithelium would you find on the superior surface of the epiglottis? |
stratified squamous epithelium |
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What type of epithelium would you find on the inferior surface of the epiglottis? |
pseudo-stratified ciliated |
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Which lung possesses 3 lobes? |
Right lung |
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Which lung possesses 2 lobes? |
Left lung |
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What fissures separate the lobes of the lung? |
Oblique for both, horizontal for right only |
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What would you find in the hilus of the lung? |
Bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerve |
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What portion of the brain controls the basic rhythm of respiration? |
medulla oblongata |
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what portion of the pons prolongs inspiration? |
Apneustic |
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What portion of the pons stops inspiration? |
Pneumotaxic |
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What main muscle is responsible for inspiration? |
Diaphragm |
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what chemical induces broncho-constrcuction? |
Histamine |
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What chemical induces bronchi-dialation? |
Epinephrine |
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What are 3 major salivary glands? |
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
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What are the 3 types of papillae? Which ones possess taste buds? |
Filiform, fungiform, circumvillae; fungiform & Circumvillae |
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What enzymes are secreted in saliva? What do they each digest? |
Lysozyme (antibacterial), salivary amylase (carbohydrates), lingual lipase (lipids) |
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What enzymes are secreted in your stomach? From what cells? What do they each digest? |
Pepsinogen/ pepsin (proteins), from chief cells, gastric lipase (lipids) |
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What hormones are secreted from the endocrine portion of the pancreas? What cells produce these hormones? |
Glucagon from alpha cells, insulin from beta cells, somatostatin from delta, pancreatic polypeptide from F cells. |
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What enzymes are secreted from the exocrine portion of the pancreas? What are their functions? |
Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase for protein digestion, pancreatic lipase for lipids, pancreatic amylase for carbohydrates. |
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What is the function of the gall bladder? Liver? |
Store and concentrate the bile that the liver produces |
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What are the four sections of the stomach? |
Cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus |
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What valve controls the amount of chime released into the duodenum? |
Pyloric sphincter |
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What are the macrophages found in the liver? |
Kupffer's cells? |
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How many muscle layers make up the stomach? |
3 - inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal |
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What is the lamina propria? |
CT found in the mucosa layer of the digestive tract |
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What is muscular is mucosae? |
smooth muscle found in the mucosa layer of the digestive tract |
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What is the meisnner's plexus? |
nerve plexus controlling the muscular is mucosae |
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What is Auerbach's plexus? |
Nerve plexus controlling the muscularis layer |
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What is the difference between segmentation and peristalsis? |
Segmentation is mixing and peristalsis is moving |
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What are the divisions of the large intestines? |
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and anal canal |
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What is the function of the ileocecal valve? |
Regulate movement of chyme from small to large intestines |
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What are the 3 male accessory sex glands? What do they each secrete? What are the functions of these chemicals? |
Seminal vesicles (semenogelin - coagulates semen, prostaglandis - induce uterine contractions), prostate (fibrinolysin - de-coagulate semen) and cowper's (alkaline lubrication) |
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What ligaments support the penis? |
Fundiform and suspensory |
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What are the spongy masses found within the penis? |
Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum |
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What tubules are the site for sperm production? |
Seminiferous tubules |
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What are the functions of serotli & leydig cells? |
Sertoli for support and leydig for testosterone production |
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What are the sections of the sperm? |
Acrosome, midpiece, and flagellum |
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Where would you find mitochondria in a sperm? |
Midpiece |
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What is the function of the acrosome? |
Contains enzymes to penetrate the corona radiata and zone pellucidum of the oocyte |
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What are the 3 sections of the fallopian tubes? |
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus |
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What are the 3 sections of the uterus' wall? |
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
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What are the 2 layers of the endometrium? |
Statum basalis and stratum functionalis |
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What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle? |
menses, pre-ovulatory, ovulation, post-ovulatory |
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A decline in what hormone induces menses? |
progesterone |
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What is the function of FSH? LH? HCG? Estrogen? Progesterone? |
FSH - development of follicle. LH - ovulation. HCG - maintain corpus luteum. Estrogen - develops endometrium (functionalis). Progesterone - maintains the endometrium (functionalis) |
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What gene controls the development of the male sex organs? |
SRY |
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What are the 2 embryonic ducts found in a developing embryo? |
Mullerian (girl) and Wolffian (boy) |
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What is the function of the TDF protein? Mullerian inhibiting hormone? Dihydrotestosterone? |
HY - turns gonads into testes. MIH - destroys mullein ducts. Dihydrotestosterone - develops external genetalia.
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