Chapter 9 Joints

Front 1

Describe suture and list Types of Sutures

Back 1

A synarthrosis joint. It is classified as Fibrous.

Types:

Serrate, Squamous, Synostosis and Plane

Hint 1

3 start with S and one starts with P

Front 2

Describe a squamos suture

Back 2

one bone overlaps another

Front 3

Which is the most common suture?

Back 3

serrate suture

Front 4

Describe a plane suture

Back 4

margins of bone are fairly smooth and line up next to each other (maxillary suture)

Front 5

describe synostosis

Back 5

A bony synarthrosis joint. present during growth of the skull

Front 6

Describe the diarthrosis joint

Back 6

3rd type of functional classification. Only synovial joints are classified like this. It is freely movable, stable, complex always synovial joint, hip/shoulder have labrum

Front 7

What is labrum

Back 7

an extension of the articular cartilages that enalrges the joint surface area and is present in the hip and shoulder

Front 8

describe a synarthrosis joint

Back 8

1st type of functional classification. immovable. Includes sutures, gomphosis, synchondrosis and synostosis

Front 9

describe synchondrosis

Back 9

A synarthrosis joint. The connecting material is hyaline cartilage, immovable

Hint 9

examples are the epiphyseal plate and costal cartilages

Front 10

characteristics fibrous joints

Back 10

This is a structural classification. Includes suture, gomphosis, and syndesmosis. No synovial cavity, Connected by dense fibrous connective tissue

Front 11

characteristics of cartilaginous joints

Back 11

This is a structural classification. Includes synchondrosis & symphysis type. Has no synovial cavity, cartilage bridges articulating bone, are synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis

Hint 11

in synchondrosis and symphisis

Front 12

what is gomphosis

Back 12

A synarthrosis joint. Classified as Fibrous. Immovable, periodontal ligament, holds teeth in bony socket (alveoli)

Front 13

what is syndesmosis

Back 13

A amphiarthrosis classified joint. It is fibrous. United by ligament

Front 14

What is amphiarthrosis?

Back 14

2nd type of functional joint classification. Slightly movable under compession, twisting or tension. Includes syndesmosis & symphysis.

Hint 14

examples are symphyses and syndesmoses

Front 15

characteristics of symphysis

Back 15

A amphiarthrosis joint. Slightly movable. Cartilaginous. made of fibrocartilage

Hint 15

examples are intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Front 16

Characteristics of a synovial joint

Back 16

A diarthrosis classified joint. Most complex. Has joint cavity and ligaments to support articulating bone.

Front 17

Synovial Joint Features

Back 17

1. joint capsule with 2 layers 2. joint cavity inside of joint capsule 3. synovial membrane (inner layer of capsule) produced hyaluronic acid 4. synovial forms film over joint surface 5. articular covers joint surface

Hint 17

There are 5 features

Front 18

What are the joint points of contact?

Back 18

Between 2 bones, between cartilage and bone, and between teeth and bone

Hint 18

3 different points of contact

Front 19

Characteristics of the joint capsule

Back 19

has 2 layers, thickness varies in body, may be reinforced by or incorporate tendons and ligaments

Front 20

What are the joint capsule layers

Back 20

outer: dense fibrous connective tissue, stratum fibrosum, poor blood supply, good nerve supply inner: synovial membrane, makes hyaluronic acid for synovial fluid, good blood supply, poor nerve supply

Front 21

What is synovial fluid like?

Back 21

clear, yellow, viscous, reduces friction between articulations, provides nourishment for articular cartilage, contains hyaluronic acid and lubricin

Front 22

What is articular cartilage like?

Back 22

lacks blood vessels and nerve, transmits and distributes high loads, maintence of contact stress at low levels, reduces friction,shock absorber

Hint 22

Found on the articular surfaces of bones, aKA hyaline cartilage

Front 23

Extra scapular versus intrascapular

Back 23

Describes location of ligaments. Outside of joint capsule vs. within joint capsule

Front 24

Characteristics of articular discs of synovial joints

Back 24

made of fibrocartilage , allows articular bones to fit tightly together, increases knee stability, reduces friction, shock absorber

Front 25

What are bursae?

Back 25

Flat sacs filled with synovial fluid located between 2 structures

Front 26

What are tendon sheaths

Back 26

tube like bursae that wrap around tendons in wrist and ankle

Front 27

Bursitis

Back 27

Chronic inflammation caused by excessive stress , the bursa swells and muscles become sore and stiff

Front 28

Factors of range of motion in synovial joints

Back 28

1. shape of articulating bones

2. tension & strength of joint ligaments arrangement

3. activity of muscles around joints

4. hormones and disuse

Hint 28

There are 4

Front 29

joint cavity

Back 29

space that separates the articulating surfaces of bone in synovial joint

Front 30

uniaxial joints

Back 30

bones are free to move in one place, around one axis

Hint 30

example is a hinge joint ( flexion/extension, pivot joint)

Front 31

Biaxial Joint

Back 31

bones are free to move in 3 directions around three axes

Hint 31

examples are ball and socket , flexion/extension, adduction/abduction & rotation

Front 32

Functions of Synovial fluid

Back 32

1. Lubrication

2. Nutrient distribution

3. Shock absorption

Hint 32

3 functions

Front 33

Accessory Structures

Back 33

1. Cartilages

2. Fat pads

3. Ligaments

4. Tendons

5. Bursae

Hint 33

There are 5

Front 34

What is a fibrocartilage pad called?

Back 34

Meniscus

Front 35

Where are fat pads located?

Back 35

Superficial to the joint capsule.

Front 36

What is a sprain?

Back 36

Ligaments with torn collagen fibers

Front 37

Ligaments attach ___ to _____. And do what?

Back 37

Bone to bone.

Support and strengthen joint.

Front 38

Tendons attach ____ to ____.

And do what?

Back 38

Muscle to bone.

Help support joint.

Front 39

What is subluxation?

Back 39

A partial dislocation

Front 40

Three types of dynamic movement

Back 40

1. Linear movement

2. Angular movement

3. Rotation

Hint 40

Front 41

Types of angular movement

Back 41

Flexión

Extension

Hyperextension

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

Hint 41

There are 6

Front 42

Types of Rotation

Back 42

Left & right

Medial & lateral

Pronation & supination

Front 43

Special movements

Back 43

Inversión

Eversion

Dorsi flexión

Plantar flexión

Opposition

Reposition

Protraction

Retraction

Elevation

Depression

Lateral flexion

Front 44

Functional classification of Synovial joints

Back 44

Gliding

Hinge

Pivot

Condylar

Saddle

Ball-socket

Hint 44

6 of them

Front 45

Movement of gliding joint

Back 45

Gliding, Slight nonaxial or multi axial

Hint 45

Front 46

Movement of hinge joint

Back 46

Angular, mono axial

Front 47

Movement of Condylar joint

Back 47

Angular, biaxial

Front 48

Movement of saddle joint

Back 48

Angular, biaxial

Front 49

Movement of pivot joint

Back 49

Rotation , monoaxial

Front 50

Movement of ball and socket joint

Back 50

Angular, Circumduction, rotation, triaxial

Front 51

Outside and inside of intervertebral discs

Back 51

Outside : anulus fibrosus

Inside: nucleus pulposus

Front 52

Vertebral joints are also called ____.

Back 52

Symphyseal joints

Front 53

Slipped disc

Back 53

Bulge in anulus fibrosis.

Front 54

Herniated disc

Back 54

Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus.

Front 55

Shoulder joint is also called the ____.

Back 55

Glenohumeral joint

Front 56

What is the socket of the shoulder joint?

Back 56

Glenoid labrum

Front 57

Shoulder muscles

Back 57

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Teres Minor

Front 58

What is the larger joint of the arm?

Back 58

Humeroulnar joint

(Trochlea of humerus and Trochlear notch of ulna)

Front 59

Location of patellar ligament

Back 59

Front 60

Rheumatism

Back 60

Pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems.

Front 61

Arthritis

Back 61

All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of Synovial joints

Front 62

How is joint immobilization treated?

Back 62

Continuous passive motion (Cpm)

Front 63

Factors affecting bone strength

Back 63

1. Age

2. Physical stress

3. Hormone levels

4. Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion

5. Genetic and environmental factors

Front 64

Movements in the frontal plane are _____ such as _____ and _____.

Back 64

Sideways;

Adduction , abduction

Front 65

Movements in the sagittal plane are __ and ___ such as ____ and ____.

Back 65

Up and down;

Flexion and extension

Front 66

Movements in the transverse plane are _____.

Back 66

Rotational