Chapter 9 - Joints

Front 1

Describe the structural and functional classification of joints.

Back 1

Structure: is based on types of binding connective tissue and presence or absence of a space (synovial cavity) between bones.

Function: based on their degree of movement

Front 2

Fibrous

Back 2

-has no synovial cavity between bones, which are held together by collagenous (fibrous) C.T.

Front 3

Cartilaginous

Back 3

-has no synovial cavity between bones, which are held together by cartilage.

Front 4

Synovial

Back 4

-has a synovial cavity between bones, which are united by a surrounding articular capsule.

Front 5

Synarthrosis

Back 5

-is immovable

Front 6

Amphiarthrosis

Back 6

-slightly movable

Front 7

Diarthrosis

Back 7

-freely movable

Front 8

Sutures

Back 8

- have a thin layer of dense fibrous C.T. that unites the bones, which have interlocking edges. Function-are immovable (synarthrosis)

Front 9

Gomphoses

Back 9

- are fibrous joints in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket. The periodontal ligaments are in between. Function - are immovable (synarthrosis).

Front 10

Syndesmoses

Back 10

-are fibrous joints with much more C.T. than the suture so that bones do not fit as tight. Function-permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)

Front 11

Synchondroses

Back 11

- cartilaginous joints, connected by hyaline cartilage. Function-are immovable (synarthrosis)

Front 12

Symphyses

Back 12

- are cartilaginous joints in which bones are connected by a broad, flat, disk of fibrocartilage. (E.g. pubic symphysis)
Function: permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)

Front 13

Describe the structure of synovial joints.

Back 13

They are distinguished by the presence of a space, synovial cavity, between articulating bones.

Front 14

Articular cartilage

Back 14

- covers the surface of articulating bones. It reduces friction and absorbs shock.

Front 15

Articular capsule

Back 15

- surrounds joints and unites the articulating bones. It is composed of two layers: Fibrous capsule
synovial membrane

Front 16

Fibrous capsule

Back 16

a. The outer layer and is composed of dense irregular C.T.
b. It attaches to the periosteum of the bones beyond the joint.
c. It is strong to resist dislocation but is flexible to permit movement.
d. Also parts of the capsule can have their fibers arranged in parallel bundles to form ligaments that connect one bone to another. These resist commonly occurring forces of strain.

Front 17

Synovial membrane

Back 17

-the inner layer of the capsule and is composed of areolar C.T. and accumulations of adipose tissue called articular fat pads.
It secrets synovial fluid

Front 18

Synovial fluid:

Back 18

a. Lubricates joints b. Supplies nutrients and removes wastes from articular cartilage. C. Contains phagocytic cells that fight pathogens and clean debris.

Front 19

Extracapsular ligaments

Back 19

- occur outside of the capsule.

Front 20

Intracapsular ligaments

Back 20

- occur inside of the space of the articular capsule.

Front 21

sprain

Back 21

-is a stretching or tearing of ligaments of a joint.

Front 22

strain -

Back 22

is a stretched or partially torn

Front 23

Menisci (articular disks)

Back 23

- are pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bone surfaces.-These subdivide the synovial cavity. -They help two bones of different shape to fit tightly and help direct the flow of synovial fluid to areas of greater friction. -These are frequently torn in athletes, this is known as “torn cartilage” and damaged pieces are removed in a meniscetomy.

Front 24

Bursae

Back 24

- are sac-like structures that reduce friction in some joints.
-They are filled with a fluid that is similar to synovial fluid.
-They occur between bone and an overlying tissue such as skin, tendons, muscles, and ligaments.

Front 25

Bursitis

Back 25

is an inflammation of a bursa.

Front 26

Tendon sheaths

Back 26

- are tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons to reduce friction.

Front 27

Gliding

Back 27

- the surface of one bone moves back and forth or from side-to-side over another bone.

Front 28

Flexion

Back 28

- decrease in angle between two bones.

Front 29

Extension

Back 29

- increase in the angle between two bones.

Front 30

Hyperextension

Back 30

- continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position.

Front 31

Abduction

Back 31

- movement of a bone away from the midline.

Front 32

Adduction

Back 32

- movement of a bone toward the midline.

Front 33

Circumduction

Back 33

- distal end of a part of the body moves in a circle (e.g. making circles with arms).

Front 34

Rotation

Back 34

- movement of a bone around its long axis (e.g. as in moving head to signify “no”).

Front 35

Supination

Back 35

- movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned anterior or superior.

Front 36

Pronation

Back 36

- movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned posterior or inferior.

Front 37

Planar joints

Back 37

- articular surfaces are usually flat and allow primarily side-to-side and back and forth (gliding) movements.

Front 38

Hinge joints

Back 38

- convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another which allows movements in primarily a single plane. (Mainly flexion and extension).

Front 39

Pivot joints

Back 39

- a rounded or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring partly formed by another bone, which allows rotation.

Front 40

Condyloid joints

Back 40

- a convex, oval-shaped prominence (condyle) fits into an oval-shaped cavity of another bone, which allows movement in two directions (planes).

Front 41

Saddle joint

Back 41

- one bone is saddle-shaped and other bone is shaped like the legs of a rider sitting in a saddle. This allows a greater degree of movement than in condyloid joints.

Front 42

Ball & socket joint

Back 42

- a sphere-like surface of one bone that fits into a cup-like depression of another bone. Permits movement in three planes and allows greatest range of motion.

Front 43

Describe the factors that influence the types and degree of movements at a synovial joint.

Back 43

-Structure or shape of the articulating bones. -Strength and tension of joint ligaments. -Arrangements and tension of the muscles. -Position of soft parts such as adipose and muscle. -Hormones- e.g. the hormone relaxin loosens joints in pelvic region during pregnancy. -Disuse for an extended period.

Front 44

Explain the effects of aging on joints.

Back 44

-Synovial fluid production decreases.
-Articular cartilage becomes thinner.
-Ligaments shorten and loose flexibility.

Front 45

Arthroplasty

Back 45

- the replacement of damaged joints with artificial ones. -Ends of damaged bones are removed. -Acrylic cement is used to attach prefabricated artificial devices (prostheses) to healthy bone. -Distinguish between:

Front 46

Partial hip replacement

Back 46

- involves only the femur.

Front 47

Total hip replacement

Back 47

- involves femur and acetabulum

Front 48

Rotator cuff injury

Back 48

- usually involves tearing of the supraspinatus muscle tendon due to vigorous circumduction.

Front 49

Dislocated (luxated) shoulder

Back 49

- head of humerus is displaced from its joint, usually inferiorly. the shoulder is the most commonly dislocated joint in adults

Front 50

Separated shoulder

Back 50

- injury to acromioclavicular joint due to forceful trauma.

Front 51

Tennis elbow

Back 51

- extensor muscles of forearm strain or sprain causing pain at lateral epicondyle.

Front 52

Little-league elbow

Back 52

- elbow enlarges, fragments or separates due to heavy pitching.

Front 53

Dislocation of the radial head

Back 53

- head of the radius is forced out of the radial annular ligament often due to a strong pull on the forearm.

Front 54

Swollen knee

Back 54

- immediate swelling due to blood escaping from damaged blood vessels, then due to overproduction of synovial fluid.

Front 55

Rupture of tibial collateral ligament

Back 55

- due to hard blow to lateral side of the knee.

Front 56

Dislocated knee

Back 56

- displacement of the tibia Rel. to the femur. Most commonly due to hyperextension of the knee.

Front 57

Rheumatism

Back 57

-any painful state of bone, ligaments, joints, or tendons. Is due to a variety of causes.

Front 58

Rheumatoid arthritis:
Causes

Back 58

the immune system attacks its own cartilage and joint linings.

Front 59

Rheumatoid arthritis:
Symptoms

Back 59

inflammation of synovial membrane, swelling, pain and/or loss of function. It usually attacks both sides of the body and tends to strike the smaller joints first.

Front 60

Osteoarthritis:
Causes

Back 60

due to a combination of aging, irritation, wear and abrasion of joints.

Front 61

Osteoarthritis:
Symptoms

Back 61

tend to strike larger, weight bearing joints first. Articular cartilage degenerates exposing bone ends and restricting movement causing pain.

Front 62

Gouty arthritis:
Causes

Back 62

-uric acid is manufactured in excess or not excreted enough so that salt crystals build up in joint cartilage.

Front 63

Gouty arthritis:
Symptoms

Back 63

primarily in middle aged and older men. Cartilage erodes causing inflammation swelling and pain.

Front 64

Lyme disease:
Causes

Back 64

a spiral shaped bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi.

Front 65

Lyme disease:
Symptoms

Back 65

“bulls eye” rash may develop at site of tick bite, joint stiffness, fever and chills, headache, stiff neck, nausea, low back pain; then arthritis.

Front 66

Ankylosing spondylitis
Causes

Back 66

inflammation (of unknown origin) of sacroiliac and intervertebral joints.

Front 67

Ankylosing spondylitis
Symptoms

Back 67

Ankylosing spondylitis
Causes- inflammation (of unknown origin) of sacroiliac and intervertebral joints.
Symptoms- pain and stiffness in hips and lower back that progresses upward.