Honors Biology Chapter 8

Front 1

Cell Cycle

Back 1

A series of ordered processes that result in the duplication of a cell

Hint 1

Similar in all eukaryotes

Front 2

Mitosis

Back 2

When a eukaryotic cell divides, its nuclear membrane breaks down, individual chromosomes separate, and are distributed to the daughter cells

Hint 2

Nuclear division

Front 3

Interphase

Back 3

The period between divisions

Hint 3

During this period, chromosomes spread out and fill up the nucleus

Front 4

G1/G0

Back 4

Gap 0/nondividing cells

Gap 1/prereplication

Hint 4

Cells cannot come back to this stage after the restriction point without finishing the cycle

Front 5

S

Back 5

DNA synthesis

Hint 5

When the cell replicates its DNA

Front 6

G2

Back 6

Gap 2/premitosis

Hint 6

When the cell prepares to divide

Front 7

M

Back 7

Mitosis

Hint 7

Also known as nuclear division

Front 8

Restriction Point

Back 8

(R) Cell commits itself to the complete cycle

Hint 8

Cells cannot go backwards after this point

Front 9

Cytokinesis

Back 9

When the cell itself divides

Hint 9

Occurs after mitosis

Front 10

Daughter Cell

Back 10

The new cells, after individual chromosomes are separated they are distributed to them

Hint 10

Enters G1 after cytokinesis

Front 11

Nucleotide base pairing

Back 11

Based on how many hydrogen bonds each nitrogen base can form with its counterpart

Hint 11

A-T

G-C

Front 12

Hydrogen bond

Back 12

Between the nitrogen bases connecting the two strands

Front 13

Antiparallel

Back 13

When the DNA strands run in opposite directions

Front 14

DNA polymerase

Back 14

The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the new DNA strands

Hint 14

Can add nucleotides only to the end of an existing nucleic-acid strand

Front 15

Semiconservative replication

Back 15

A type of replication where each of the two new double-stranded DNA molecules conserves one strand (half) of the original DNA, but adds one strand of new DNA

Hint 15

Half conservative

Front 16

Histone

Back 16

A DNA molecule wraps around this to make nucleosomes

Hint 16

A type of protein

Front 17

Chromosome

Back 17

A tightly condensed structure of DNA

Hint 17

Humans have 23 pairs

Front 18

Chromatin

Back 18

The nucleus when chromosomes spread out and fill it up

Hint 18

Happens during interphase

Front 19

Mutation

Back 19

Any change in the sequence of a cells DNA

Hint 19

Can be nonharmful, harmful, lethal, and/or cause diseases

Front 20

Mutagen

Back 20

A type of chemical, an environmental factor that can damage DNA

Front 21

Excision repair

Back 21

Repairs hydrogen bonds that couldn't be formed by base pairs

Hint 21

Removes the damaged part and makes a new one to fix the strand

Front 22

Sister chromatids

Back 22

The two copies of each chromosome made during the S phase

Hint 22

Attached at the centromere

Front 23

Centromere

Back 23

The narrow point where sister chromatids are attached

Hint 23

The sister chromatids are attached by proteins at this point

Front 24

Aneuploid

Back 24

Daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

Hint 24

An= not

Eu= good

Oid= form

Front 25

Prophase

Back 25

First step of mitosis

Hint 25

Begins when the nuclear membrane breaks down into small pieces

Front 26

Metaphase

Back 26

The second step of mitosis

Hint 26

By this time, motor proteins in the kinetochores have pulled the chromosomes into a ring between the two poles to form the metaphase plate

Front 27

Anaphase

Back 27

The third step of mitosis

Hint 27

Enzymes break down the protein holding sister chromatids together

Front 28

Telophase

Back 28

The last step of mitosis

Hint 28

Chromosomes begin to expand and the nuclear envelope re-forms around them, producing two new nuclei

Front 29

Mitotic spindle fibers

Back 29

Microtubules begin to form around the nucleus and join to form them

Front 30

Spindle poles

Back 30

Areas at each end of the cell where microtubules of the spindle are anchored to protein structures that surround the centrioles

Hint 30

Form around the centrioles

Front 31

Kinetochore

Back 31

A protein complex within each centromere

Front 32

Cyclins

Back 32

Proteins that regulate progression through the cell

Hint 32

They begin to accumulate when cells leave G0 and commit to a round of the cell cycle, and then rapidly disappear as the cycle progresses

Front 33

Kinases

Back 33

Enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group to other proteins

Front 34

Cell-cycle arrest

Back 34

When there is a mistake or damage and the cell cycle is quickly halted until repairs are made

Hint 34

Detected by proteins at checkpoint controls

Front 35

Cancer

Back 35

Uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction

Front 36

Eukaryotes

Back 36

Cells that are large and complex

Hint 36

Can form multicellular organisms

Front 37

Prokaryotes

Back 37

Simplest living cells

Hint 37

Bacteria

Front 38

Meristem

Back 38

Cells that divide and produce new cells that differentiate into all the specialized tissues of a mature plant

Front 39

Synthesize

Back 39

To build chemical compounds from smaller components by means of chemical reactions

Front 40

Nucleus

Back 40

Control center, can divide into two nuclei with identical sets of chromosomes

Front 41

Nuclear division

Back 41

A series of events that ensures that each new daughter cell receives one copy of each chromosome

Hint 41

Also known as mitosis

Front 42

Enzymes

Back 42

A protein molecule made by an organism and used as a catalyst in a specific biochemical reaction

Front 43

Replisome

Back 43

The combination of DNA and proteins

Hint 43

A body that makes copies of DNA

Front 44

Replication origins

Back 44

Enzymes and other proteins involved in DNA synthesis bind to these regions of chromosomes

Hint 44

Each chromosome has more than one

Front 45

Leading strand

Back 45

The original strand where synthesis of the new matching strand occurs continuously

Hint 45

Where DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the end of the RNA primer

Front 46

Lagging strand

Back 46

The other original strand

Hint 46

Opposite to the direction in which the replisome moves

Front 47

Silent

Back 47

A nonharmful mutation

Hint 47

A change that doesn't affect anything

Front 48

Helpful

Back 48

A mutation that helps the cell's DNA

Hint 48

A type of mutation

Front 49

Harmful

Back 49

A mutation that is harmful to the cell's DNA

Hint 49

A type of mutation

Front 50

Proofread

Back 50

A protein checks the DNA sequence to make sure there aren't any mistakes

Hint 50

Done by proteins

Front 51

Microtubules

Back 51

Form around the nucleus and join to form a mitotic spindle

Hint 51

Anchored to protein structures

Front 52

Centrioles

Back 52

Surrounded by protein structures called spindle poles

Front 53

Metaphase plate

Back 53

Made of chromosomes that are formed in the shape of a ring, by motor proteins in the kinetochores

Front 54

Motor proteins

Back 54

Transport proteins to the metaphase plate

Hint 54

Are in the kinetochores

Front 55

Nuclear envelope/membrane

Back 55

Surrounds and protects the chromosomes and DNA

Hint 55

In Eukaryotic cells

Front 56

Checkpoints

Back 56

Ensure that problems are corrected before the cell cycle progresses

Hint 56

Prevents the production of daughter cells with genetic damage

Front 57

Vesicles

Back 57

Where substances are packaged

Front 58

Cellulose

Back 58

A polysaccharide

Front 59

Expand

Back 59

In telophase, the chromosomes expand so the nuclear envelope can re-form around them to produce two new nuclei

Hint 59

Done in telophase by the chromosomes