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126 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the indicator for starch?
Iodine
What color is iodine without the nutrient?
With?
Amber
Blue/Black/Indigo
What is the indicator for sugar?
Benedict's solution
What color is Benedict's solution without the nutrient?
With?
Blue
Orange
What is the indicator for lipids?
Sudan IV
What color is Sudan IV without the nutrient?
With?
Red throughout
Dark red oil layer
What is the indicator for protein?
Biuret solution
What color is biuret solution without the nutrient?
With?
Light blue
Lavender/purple/periwinkle
What is the indicator for vitamin A/C?
Indophenol
What color is indophenol without the nutrient?
With?
Clear
Magenta
What elements make up carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What elements make up proteins?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What elements make up lipids?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What elements make up Nucleic acids?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
What is the function of a carbohydrate?
source of energy and structural materials
What is the function of a protein?
structural, defensive, catalystic
What is the function of a lipid?
store energy, important to cell membrane
What is the function of nucleic acid?
sores and transfers information
What are the subunits of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
What are the subunits of a protein?
amino acids
What are the subunits of a lipid?
fatty acids
What are the subunits of a nucleic acid?
nucleotides
Give two examples of a carbohydrate
glucose, fructose
Give two examples of a protein
meat, beans
Give two examples of a lipid
waxes, steroids
Give two examples of a nucleic acid
RNA, DNA
What foods do carbohydrates come from?
fruits, milk
What foods do proteins come from?
meat, beans
What foods do lipids come from?
oil, butter
What foods do nucleic acids come from?
everything
What are the building blocks of protein?
amino acids
What kind of fatty acid is hard at room temperature?
saturated
What is a molecular chain of nucleotides?
nucleic acid
What is starch, cellulose, and glycogen?
polysaccharides
What stores and transfers information from DNA?
RNA
DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which contain...?
a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group
Large, nonpolar organic molecules that include waxes and store more energy per gram than other organic compounds are?
lipids
Unlike saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids contain what kind of bonds between carbon atoms?
double
The main difference among different amino acids is in?
their R groups
Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called?
a condensation reaction
In what way to glucose and galactose differ from each other?
Their atoms are positioned differently meaning different properties. (HO and H are switched)
Another name for glucose is?
sugar
The simplest possible formula that illustrates the proportions of elements in monosaccharides is?
C6H12)6
What is the hydrolosis of maltosis?
Maltose + Water --> glucose + glucose
What are the products of the hydrolosis of maltose?
2 glucose molecules
In what life process does hydrolosis occur?
digestion
What monosaccharides make up maltose?
sucrose?
lactose?
glucose + glucose
glucose + fructose
glucose + galactose
What is the empirical formula for maltose, sucrose and lactose?
C12H22O11
Why is the empirical formula not double that of the monosaccharide?
a water molecule is removed
What are the common names for sucrose and lactose?
table sugar and milk sugar
What substance is the repeating unit that makes up starch, cellulose, and glycogen?
glucose
Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are all made up of the same repeating unit. In what way do these three substances differ from one another?
number of glucose units
Name another type of compound that fits the definition of a polymer.
polypeptide (protein)
What type of compound is glycerol?
sugar alcohol
What is the empirical formula for fatty acids?
C16H32O2
What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fatty acid?
bonds, what they are like at room temp, the kink
Name three foods that are high in protein
meat, beans, soy
What does the R represent in the general formula for amino acids?
variable
If the R is a hydrogen atom, what amino acid is formed?
glycine
If the R is a methyl group, what amino acid is formed?
alanine
Is an enzyme used up by the reaction is catalyzes?
No, its unchanged. it causes the reaction then leaves
In what way does an enzyme affect the reaction it catalyzes? How does the enzyme produce this effect?
speeds it up by lowering ATP
What is meant by enzyme specificity?
works on specific substrate, only works at a chemical reaction
What is the active site of an enzyme?
where the reaction takes place
The substance with which an enzyme reacts is its...?
substrate
Could life as we know it exist without enzymes? Explain
No, because chemical reactions would be too slow or not take place at all
What are the three basic components of the nucleotides that make up nucleic acid?
5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group
Where is DNA found in the cell?
nucleus
Describe basic functions of DNA
contains hereditary information
Describe basic functions of RNA
functions protein synthesis
What is the reaction that causes monomers to link together to form polymers?
a condensation reaction
What stores energy in its bonds?
ATP
What compounds are made primarily of carbon?
organic compound
What is the process used to break down a polymer?
hydrolosis
What are the building blocks of DNA?
nucleotides
What is a cluster of atoms that influence the characteristics of a molecule?
functional group?
What are the building blocks of protein?
amino acids
What is the place where a substrate fits into an enzyme?
active site
A(n) _________ is a substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.
substrate
An organic compound with a ratio of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom is an?
carbohydrate
Glucose is a ___________ that is a major source of energy in cells.
monosaccharide
A ________- is an organic compound that is not soluble in water.
lipid
a ______ is a long chain of amino acids
protein
Subunits of DNA and RNA are called?
nucleotides
DNA is a _____ _________ that contains genetic information.
nucleic acid
Organic compounds contain what?
carbon and usually other elements
The number of covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other atoms is?
4
A covalent bond formed when two atoms share two pairs of elections is called a?
double bond
The breakdown of a polymer involves?
hydrolosis
ATP releases energy when?
a phosphate group is removed from it
Give an example of how a functional group can affect the properties of an organic compound.
hydroxyl can make the molecule it is attached to polar
Arrange the following in order of size, from smallest to largest: polymer, monomer, carbon atom, macromolecule
carbon atom, monomer, polymer, macromolecule
Explain how a water molecule is produced when glucose and fructose undergo a condensation reaction
2 sugar molecules, glucose and fructose, combine to form a sugar, sucrose -they become linked by a C-O-C bridge -glucose molecule releases a hydrogen ion and the fructose molecule releases a hydroxyl molecule- they combine to produce a water molecule
What are the products of the hydrolosis of ATP? What else is released during this reaction?
Products = adenosine disphosphate and inorganic phosphate
energy
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are?
polysaccharides
The different shapes and functions of different proteins are determined by?
the R groups of the amino acids
Most enzymes...?
are sensitive to changes in temperature or pH
The large number of carbon-hydrogen bonds in lipids...?
store more energy than the carbon-oxygen bonds in other organic compounds
The most important function of nucleic acids is?
storing information related to heredity and protein synthesis
How many different kinds of monomers are there in proteins?
20
What compound composes most of the cell membrane?
phospholipids
How are phospholipids suited to the function of the membraine?
Its inability to dissolve in water allows the membrane to form a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell
Steroids are made up of what type of molecule?
four fused carbon rings
Give two examples of steriods
testosterone & cholesterol
Insects that live on land have a coating of wax on the outer surface of their body. What function might the wax serve for these animals?
The wax prevents drying out
What may vary in Adenosine phosphates?
linked phosphate groups
What may vary in Carbohydrates?
number of sugars
What may vary in proteins?
number of amino acids
What may vary in enzyme activity?
physical fit between the enzyme molecules and its substrate
What causes polarity in alcohol?
the hydroxyl attached to one of an alcohol's carbon atoms
What effect does menthanol have on the body?
causes blindness or even death
What does hydrate mean?
to have water
What alcohol is used by humans to assemble certain molecules necessary for life?
glycerol
Lipids are divided into categories according to their...?
structure
The three classes of lipids are....?
triglyceride, phospholipids, and waxes
Saturated triglycerides are composed of?
saturated fatty acids
At room temperature, unsaturated triglycerides are..?
soft or liquid
The two layers of phospholipids that form the cell membrane are called the..?
lipid bilayer
Lipids cannot dissolve in...?
water
The bilayer arrangement of molecule in a cell membrane gives the cell a...?
barrier
Waxes form a protective coating on the outer surface of...?
plants
What is a lipoid substance?
fat substance
A main structural difference between three categories of lipids is the number of?
fatty acid molecules present
What consists of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain and forms a protective layer in animals?
waxes
What consists of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol and have two categories that are saturated and unsaturated?
Triglycerides
What consists of two molecules of fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol and two layers of these enclose a cell?
phospholipids