Honors Biology Chapter 6

Front 1

Cell Theory

Back 1

1. Cells, or products made by cells, are the units of structure and function in organisms
2. All cells come from preexisting cells

Hint 1

Ideas and data of it were contributed by many biologists; came around in the early 1800s

Front 2

Prokaryotes

Back 2

Bacteria that are everywhere, are the simplest living cells

Hint 2

Nearly always unicellular

Front 3

Eukaryotes

Back 3

Larger and more complex than prokaryotes; have many parts, each with a specific function

Hint 3

Can form multicellular organisms: plants, animals, fungi

Front 4

Nucleus

Back 4

Membrane-enclosed structure contains the DNA of eukaryotic cells

Hint 4

"The brain"

Front 5

Chromosome

Back 5

Made of a continuous, circular molecule of double-stranded DNA

Hint 5

Attached to the plasma membrane in the nucleoid

Front 6

Nucleoid

Back 6

Area of the cell also known as the nuclear region

Hint 6

Similar to the nucleus but lacks a selectively permeable nuclear membrane

Front 7

Plasmids

Back 7

Small, circular DNA molecules

Hint 7

Extrachromosomal elements that contain a few genes that help bacteria survive under specific conditions

Front 8

Flagella

Back 8

Long, whiplike extensions made of protein that rotate like propellers, enabling cells to swim through water or bodily fluids of larger organisms

Hint 8

These cells swim toward food and away from harmful substances such as strong acids

Front 9

Cell/Plasma Membrane

Back 9

Encloses the contents of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Front 10

Cell Wall

Back 10

A rigid structure composed of stuff fibers of cellulose and other complex carbohydrates

Hint 10

Supports and protects the cell

Front 11

Ribosomes

Back 11

Small bodies composed of RNA and protein

Hint 11

They catalyze the synthesis of a cell's proteins

Front 12

Cytoplasm

Back 12

Cellular material within the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus

Hint 12

Includes the cytosol and the organelles

Front 13

Cytosol

Back 13

Protein-rich, semifluid material in the cell that surrounds and bathes the organelles

Hint 13

Basically the same thing as cytoplasm

Front 14

Organelles

Back 14

Small functional parts of eukaryotic cells

Hint 14

Any part of a eukaryotic cell that has its own structure and function

Front 15

Nucleolus (plural: nucleoli)

Back 15

Site where types of RNA that will become part of the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery are synthesized

Front 16

Cytoskeleton

Back 16

Network of several types of very fine protein fibers helps to shape the cell and organize the cytoplasm

Hint 16

Changes in this protein scaffolding also enable some cells to move or change shape

Front 17

ER "endoplasmic reticulum"

Back 17

System of membranes that form tubes and channels throughout the cytoplasm

Hint 17

Connects many of the organelles in the cell

Front 18

Golgi

Back 18

Organelle that consists of a series of membranous sacs that look like a stack of pancakes

Hint 18

"Golgi apparatus"

Front 19

Vesicles

Back 19

Spherical in shape and enclosed with membranes that pinch off of the Golgi membranes

Hint 19

Can fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside of the cell

Front 20

Lysosomes

Back 20

Contain enzymes that break down the cell's old macromolecules for recycling

Hint 20

Special vesicles in animal cells and some other eukaryotes

Front 21

Vacuoles

Back 21

Present in most plant cells, vesicles that enlarge as the cells mature

Hint 21

Contain water, organic acids, digestive enzymes, salts, and pigments that give plant parts their characteristic color

Front 22

Centrioles

Back 22

Tubular structures in the cells of animals and some fungi and algae

Hint 22

They participate in cell reproduction in those organisms

Front 23

Cilia

Back 23

Short flagella, move cells along by whipping in an oar like motion against the fluid surrounding a cell

Hint 23

Can help move material along a cell or tissue

Front 24

Colony

Back 24

A group of microorganisms

Hint 24

The members interact in ways that give them an advantage over isolated organisms, but each member is still a seperate organism

Front 25

Multicellular

Back 25

(Organism) that consists of many cells

Hint 25

Animals, plants, fungi

Front 26

Tissue

Back 26

Specialized mass or layer of cells

Hint 26

May be organized into organs

Front 27

Organ

Back 27

An organized group of tissues that carries on a specialized function in a multicellular organism

Hint 27

Eyes, heart, etc. May be organized incorporated into systems

Front 28

Organ System

Back 28

System made up of organs

Hint 28

Example: a circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Front 29

Organism

Back 29

Individual of a species; a single living thing