History Of Psychology Exam 1

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Karl Popper

Back 1

-scientific activity does not start with empirical observation

-all scientific activity starts with a problem, problem determines what observations the scientist will make

-for a theory to be scientific it must make risky predictions

-all scientific theories will eventually be found to be false

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Thomas Kuhn

Back 2

-one viewpoint is commonly shared by most members of a science

-problems of normal science have an assured solutions

-by focusing on paradigm, it allows scientists to investigate that aspect in great detail

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biological determinism

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emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior

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environmental determinism

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stresses the importance of environmental stimuli as determinates of behavior

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sociocultural determinism

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emphasizes the cultural or socital rules, regulations, customs, and beliefs that govern human behavior

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physical determinism

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determinates of behavior are directly measurable such as genes, environmental stimuli and cultural customs

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psychical determinism

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emphasize the importance of cognitive and emotional experience on the explanation for human behavior

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uncertainty principle

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belief that human behavior is determined but that the causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured

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indeterminism

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nothing can ever be known with certainty in science. human behavior is determined but we can never learn some causes of behavior because by trying to observe them, we change them

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nondeterminism

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when endeavors are nonscientific

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free will

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behavior is freely chosen and thus independent of physical or psychical rules

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materialists

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psychologists who attempt to explain everything in physical terms

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monists

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try to explain everything in terms of one type of reality

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idealists

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believe even our physical reality results from perceived ideas

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dualists

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believe that there are both physical events and mental events

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(under dualism)-interactionism

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the mind and body interact and both influence each other

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(under dualism)-emergentism

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mental stated emerged from physical brain states

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(under dualism)-epiphenomenalism

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the brain causes mental events but mental events cannot cause behavior

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psychophysical parallelism

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environmental experiences cause both mental events and bodily responses

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double aspectism

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a person cannot be divided into mind and body but is a unity that simulltaneously experiences events physiologically and mentally

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preestablished harmony

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two types of events are different and separate, but they are coordinated by some external agenr

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epistemology

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the study of human knowledge

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passive mind

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records physical experiences such as mental images, recollections and associations

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active mind

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interacts with data from experience and can even transform it

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empiricist view

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states that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience and registered and stored in the brain (mind is passive)

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rationalist view

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sensory information is often the first step in attaining knowledge but the mind must actively transform this information in some way before knowledge is attained

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nativist view

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knowledge is innate

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CHAPTER 2- Anthropomorphism

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projection of human attributes onto non human things

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animism

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the belief that everything in nature is alive

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magic

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various ceremonies and rituals that are designed to influence spirits and nature

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THALES

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-emphasized natural instead of supernatural explanations of things

-physis (single substance from which everything else is derived)

-his physis was water

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HERACLITUS

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-physis was fire bc in its presence nothing remains the same

-viewed the world as in a constant state of flux and raised the question as to what could be known with certainty

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PYTHAGORAS

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-believed that everything could be explained with numbers

-believed human soul was immortal

-two worlds: one physical, one abstract

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HIPPOCRATES

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-father of modern medicine

-diseases had natural causes and not supernatural

-health was due to four humors of the body and are in balance and disease was because of imbalance

-agreed everything was made from four elements

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what did hippocrates associate the four humors in the body with?

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earth-black bile

air-yellow bile

fire-blood

water-phlegm

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GALEN

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-associated hipp. four humors w/ temperament

-if one humors dominates the person displays the characteristics associated with that humor

-created a rudimentary theory of personality and a way of diagnosing illnesses

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PLATO

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-Theory of forms: everything in the empirical world is a manifestation of a pure form that exists in the abstract

-what we experience through the senses results from the interaction of the pure form with the matter

-believed that knowledge could only be attained through reason

-allegory of the cave

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why was plato considered a nativist,rationalist, and an idealist?

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-because he stressed mental operations as a means of arriving at the truth

-idealist bc he believed the ultimate reality consisted of ideas or forms

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plato on the soul

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-soul was implanted in the body, it dwelled in pure and complete knowledge

-supreme goal in life should be to free the soul as much as possible from the adulterations of the flesh

-rational soul was immortal

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ARISTOTLE

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-believed that sensory experience was the basis of all knowledge

-everything in nature has withini it a purpose that determined its potential

-active reason is an immortal part of the human soul and provided humans with their greatest potential

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main difference between plato and aristotle

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plato was mathematical (pythagorean)

aristotle was biological (hippocratic)

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Plato said the first principles are arrived by pure thought

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aristotle said that they could also be attained by examining nature directly

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plato said all knowledge exists independently of naure

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aristotle said nature and knowledge are inseperable

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aristotle said everything in nature follows from these four causes

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-material cause

-formal cause

-efficient cause

-final cause

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teleology

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everything in nature exists for a purpose

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entelechy

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built in purpose or function

-ex: the purpose or entelechy of an acorn is to become an oak tree

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LAWS OF ASSOCIATION

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Law Of Contiguity

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things that are contiguous we tend to associate them together

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law of frequency

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the more you practice/do something the more your association is going to get strong

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law of similarity

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2 things that are similar we tend to associate them together

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law of contrast

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2 things that are opposite we tend to associate together

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SOCRATES

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-believed that by explaining a number of individual manifestations of a concept, the general concept itself could be defined clearly and precisely

-know thyself

-sought to discover general concepts by observing specific examples

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socrates on essence

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-to truly know something is to understand the essence

-did not believe that essences had abstract existence

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essence

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somethings basic nature, its identifying enduring characterstics

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socrates on knowledge and morality

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knowledge is virtue and improper conduct results from ignorance

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CHAPTER 4-humanism

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an intense interest in human beings, as if we were discovering ourselves for the first time

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four themes that characterized renaissance humanism

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individualism

personal religion

intense interest in the past

anti-aristotelianism

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individualism

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the belief in the power of the individual to make a positive difference in the world created a spirit of optimism

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personal religion

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renaissance humanists wanted religion to be more personal and less formal and ritualistic

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intense interest in the past

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renaissance humans became enamored with the past. renaissance scholars wanted to read that ancients had really saiid, instead of an "official" interpretation

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anti-aristotelianism

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many of the humanists believed that the church had embraced aristotle's philosophy to too great an extent

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COPERNICUS

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argued that the earth rotated around the sun (geocentric theory). therefore the earth was not the center of the solar system and the universe as the church had maintained

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GALILEO

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-proved some of aristotle's truths to be false

-extended the known number of bodies in the solar system to 11

-argued that science could only deal with objective reality and that because human perceptions were subjective, they were outside the realm of science

-strong believer in the heliocentric theory

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why did most people refuse to look through galileo's telescope?

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bc they believed to do so was an act of heresy

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NEWTON

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-showed that the motion of all objects in the universe could be explained by his law of gravity

-believed god's will could not be evoked as an explanation of any physical phenomenon

-viewed universe as a complex machine that God created, set in motion, and then abandoned

-deduction

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BACON

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-urged an inductive, practical science that was free from the misconceptions of the past from any theoretical influences

-radical empiricist: can understand only by observing directly and objectively

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DESCARTES

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-believed that much human behavior can be explained in mechanical terms

-mind and body are separate

-focused on attention on the nature of the relationship betwn mind and body

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CHAPTER 5- HOBBES

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-founder of empiricism

-believed the primary motive of human behavior is the seeking pleasure and avoidance of pain

-all human acitivity including mental could be reduced to atoms in motion

-humans can be viewed as machines

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hobbes on the govt

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function of the govt is to satisfy as many human needs as possible and to prevent humans from fighting with each other

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hobbes on free will

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it is an illusion

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LOCKE

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-empiricist

-dualist (rejected Hobbes physical monism)

-denied existence of innate ideas

-assumed many nativistically determined powers of the mind

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primary qualities

(locke)

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cause sensations that correspond to actual attributes of physical bodies

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secondary qualities

(locke)

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cause sensations that have no counterparts in the physical world

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tabula rasa

(locke)

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we are born as a blank slate, we get our ideas from experience of environment

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BERKLEY

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-the only thing we experience directly is our own perceptions, or secondary qualities

-denied materialism (said that reality exists because God perceives it)

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Berkley's perception of distance

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we learn to associate the sensations caused by the convergence and divergence of the eyes with diff distances

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berkley on perception

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-"to be is to be perceived", unless we perceive something we are not sure it exists

-"If a tree falls in a forest..."

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BAIN

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-wrote the first psychological texts and founded psychology's first journal ("MIND")

-Explained voluntary behavior through trial and error behavior

-added law of compound association and law of constructive association to existing laws

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positivism

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-founded by Comte

-all knowledge comes from experience-there is no innate ideas

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CHAPTER 6- Rationalism

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active mind

assumes innate mental structures

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faculty psychology

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the belief that the minds consists of several powers or faculties

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Von Leibniz

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-believed that the universe consists of indivisible units called monads

-believed that there are no major gaps or leaps in nature

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von leibniz on monads

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-God created the arrangement of monads, therefore this was the best of all possible worlds

-if only a few monads were experienced, it resulted in petites perceptions

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petites perceptions

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a perception that occurs below the level of awareness because only a few monads are involved

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KANT

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-believes that experiences such as unity, causation, time and space could not be derived from sensory experience and therefore must be attributable to innate categories of thought.

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what did kant believe morality is governed by

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categorical imperative, "golden rule"

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why did kant believe psychology could not become a sciece

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bc subjective experience could not be quantified mathematically

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HERBART

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-psych can be a science

-believed monads had energy and a conscious of their own

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apperceptive mass

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-herbart

-ideas compatible with a person's apperceptive mass are given conscious expression and those that are not remain below the limen in the unconscious mind

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CHAPTER 7-Existentialism

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stressed the meaning of human existence, freedom of choice and uniqueness of each individual

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what are the most important aspects of a humans life?

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their personal, subjective interpretations of life and the choices they make in light of that interpretation

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ROUSSEAU

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-considered the father of modern romanticism

-believed that human nature is basically good and that the best society is one in which people conquer their individual will to the general will

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SCHOPENHAUER

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-believed that the will to survive is the most powerful human motive

-life is the postponement of death

-gifted/geniuses suffer the most

-suicide is an escape from human misery

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NIETZSCHE

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-Humans could no longer rely on religious superstition or metaphysical speculation and guides for living

-by exercising will to power, people can continue to form and overcome conventional morality

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Superman

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those who experimented with life and feelings and engaged in continuous self overcoming

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KIERKEGAARD

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-religion had become too rational and mechanical

-a relationship with God should be in intensely personal and highly emotional experience

-truth is subjectivity

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Apollonian aspect of human nature

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represents our radical side, ouur desire for tranquility, predictability and orderliness

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dionysian aspect of human nature

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represents our irrational side, our attraction to creative chaos and to passionate, dynamic experiences