History Of Psychology - Exam 2

Front 1

Interested in furthering the understanding of meteorology

Back 1

Robert Fitzroy

Front 2

How did Fitzroy kill himself?

Back 2

Cut his throat with a razor

Front 3

What did Thomas Malthus propose that influenced Darwin and Wallace?

Back 3

Wrote that the world's food supply increases arithmetically, whereas the human population increases geometrically, and that only the most forceful and adaptable will survive

Front 4

What is the theory of acquired characteristics?

Back 4

Modifications of an animals bodily form in order to adapt are inherited by succeeding generations

Front 5

Juan Huarte

Back 5

Spanish physician who proposed the theory of individual differences

Front 6

Galton's emotional state prior to Africa

Back 6

had a mental breakdown

Front 7

What is eugenics?

Back 7

Refers to fostering the improvement of the inherited qualities of the human race through artificial selection

Front 8

What was the result of Galton's study on eminent men?

Back 8

Eminent men have a higher probability of fathering eminent sons than average men

Front 9

What influence did Darwin's work have on society?

Back 9

A focus on animal psychology, individual differences, and the acceptance of methodology and data from many fields, and the functions rather than structure of consciousness

Front 10

What work did Galton do on associations?

Back 10

Worked on the diversity of associations of ideas and reaction time

Front 11

What did Karl Pearson do?

Back 11

Developed the current formula for calculating the correlation coefficient (r)

Front 12

Adolph Quetelet

Back 12

Belgian mathematician who was the first to use statistics with biological and social data, and the normal curve of distribution

Front 13

Who coined the term mental tests?

Back 13

James McKeen Cattell

Front 14

Who originated the concept of mental tests?

Back 14

Galton; he was measure intelligence and sensory function; derived from John Locke

Front 15

Anecdotal method

Back 15

the use of observational reports about animal behavior and was proposed by George John Romanes

Front 16

introspection by analogy

Back 16

a technique for studying animal behavior by assuming that the same mental processes that occur in the observer's mind also occur in the animal's mind - Proposed by Romanes

Front 17

Parsimony

Back 17

the notion that animal behavior must not be attributed to a higher mental process when it can be explained in terms of a lower mental process - C. Lloyd Morgan

Front 18

Coined the term "survival of the fittest"

Back 18

Herbert Spencer

Front 19

What is Spencer's notion of social darwinism?

Back 19

human perfection is inevitable as long as no interference occurs in the natural order of things

Front 20

Why was the US receptive to Social Darwinism?

Back 20

America was very individualistic and believed in free enterprise and little government regulation

Front 21

What kind of economic system did Spencer favor?

Back 21

Laissez-faire

Front 22

Synthetic Philosophy

Back 22

Knowledge and experience can be explained in terms of evolutionary principles

Front 23

Who used Spencer's books on synthetic philosophy, where, and for what?

Back 23

William James used them to teach his first psychology course at Harvard

Front 24

What did Samuel Butler say about machines and evolution?

Back 24

the evolution of machines had already occurred, in the same processes that guide human evolution

Front 25

what even thighlighted the inadequacy of Babbage's machine and the ability of people to tally large amounts of data?

Back 25

1890 US Population Census

Front 26

What did Henry Hollerith do and what was the impact?

Back 26

Engineer who developed punch cards to collect data - started what we know today as IBM

Front 27

Whose work serves as the major precursor of functional psychology?

Back 27

William James

Front 28

Why did some of William James colleagues view him as a negative force in the development of scientific psychology?

Back 28

He maintained a widely publicized interest in telepathy, clairvoyance, and spiritualism

Front 29

Who called psychology the "nasty little science"?

Back 29

William James

Front 30

What were the secondary gains of being sick in the James family?

Back 30

That is the only way you would get attention from mother

Front 31

What disease did James have as a young adult? What were the symptoms? How did James get "cured"? What socioeconomic class tended to be most affected by the disease?

Back 31

Neurasthenia, which James called Americanitis - affected the affluent and highly educated, depression-like symptoms ; cured by free will

Front 32

What US university was the first to offer instruction in experimental psychology?

Back 32

Harvard

Front 33

During what academic year did James teach his psychology class? In what year did James become professor of psych at Harvard?

Back 33

Became a prof in 1872 and taught his 1st psych class 1875-1876

Front 34

What year did James's book come out and what was it called?

Back 34

Principles of Psychology 1890

Front 35

What did James say about psychology after he finished his book?

Back 35

There was no such thing as Psychology

Front 36

Why is James considered by so many scholars to be the greatest American psychologist?

Back 36

He wrote with clarity, he opposed Wundt's goal of psychology, and offered a new way of looking at psychology

Front 37

What is stream of consciousness?

Back 37

the idea that consciousness is a continuous flowing process that any attempt to reduce it to its elements will distort it

Front 38

What is pragmatism?

Back 38

the doctrine that the validity of ideas is measured by their practical consequence

Front 39

James' three part model of the self

Back 39

body, soul, and clothes

Front 40

According to James what role does habit play in behavior?

Back 40

He sees people as bundles as habits that enormous social implications

Front 41

What did Mary Whiton Calkins study? First female president of what and what year?

Back 41

Studies memory; APA 1905

Front 42

What is the variability hypothesis?

Back 42

the notion that men show a wider range and variation of physical and mental development than women

Front 43

Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley

Back 43

studied the supposed inferiority of women, found no significant difference between sexes

Front 44

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

Back 44

studied the variability hypothesis, challenged innate instinct of motherhood; coined term "gifted children"

Front 45

The year the APA was formed

Back 45

1892

Front 46

What influence did Wundt on Hall?

Back 46

Wundt's book - Physiological Psychology inspired interest in new science

Front 47

What was the first psych journal in the US, who founded it, and in what year?

Back 47

Hall founded the American Journal of Psychology in 1887

Front 48

Who was the first African-American to earn a PhD and with whom did he study

Back 48

Francis Cecil Sumner; Hall

Front 49

How did functional psychology get its name?

Back 49

Titchener named it in the process of arguing against it

Front 50

What is the concept of John Dewey's reflex arc?

Back 50

The connection between sensory stimuli and motor responses

Front 51

Who wrote the first american psych textbook in the new psychology?

Back 51

John Dewey; 1886

Front 52

What did Dewey study in his lab school?

Back 52

physiological molecularism, elementism, and reductionism

Front 53

Who was hired by the Coca Cola company to discover the effects of caffeine?

Back 53

Harry Hollingsworth

Front 54

What was of interest of the first generations of American psychologists after they came home from studying with Wundt?

Back 54

Applied psychology, not what the mind is, but what id does, evolutionary and functional

Front 55

What experience did Cattell have with drugs?

Back 55

drugs reduced his depression, he studied their effects on his cognition

Front 56

How did Cattell view his experiences with Wundt?

Back 56

He thought himself much more intelligent than Wundt and the rest of his students

Front 57

What influence did Glaton have on Cattell? Where did they meet?

Back 57

The two met at cambridge; influenced Cattell to stress quantification, ranking, and ratings

Front 58

What were the results of Cattell's interest in eugenics?

Back 58

He argued for the sterilization of delinquents and offered money to intelligent "superior" people to intermarry

Front 59

What interest did Cattell have on acquiring journals?

Back 59

He was dissatisfied with Hall's journal, his wife Josephine was the unofficial manager

Front 60

What did JM Cattell study in his mental tests?

Back 60

They measured the range and variability of human capacities through basic sensorimotor measurements, which were less complex than future tests; there was a low correlation for academic predictability

Front 61

How was Cattell viewed by Columbia's administrators and his biographer?

Back 61

They though him egotistical, ungentlemanly, and "nasty"

Front 62

What is the Psychological Corporation

Back 62

Started by Cattel, but did not show any profit until he left, it provided psychological services to industry and the public

Front 63

mental age

Back 63

the age at which children of average ability can perform certain tasks

Front 64

What is the formula for determining intelligent quotient? Who devised it?

Back 64

the ratio between mental age and chronological age - William Stern

Front 65

Who translated the Binet intelligent test to English and introduced the term "moron"?

Back 65

Henry Goddard

Front 66

What test did Florence Goodenough develop?

Back 66

the Draw-a-Man test

Front 67

Where did Psyche Cattell get her doctoral degree?

Back 67

Harvard in 1927 - developed Cattell infant intelligence scale - can assess babies as young as 3 months

Front 68

In what area of psychology did Anne Anastasi establish herself as an authority?

Back 68

Psychology testing, entered college at 15, earning her doctoral at 21, served as APA president

Front 69

What were the accomplishments and areas of interest of Lightner Witmer, including the year he opened the first psych clinic? What two areas did he create?

Back 69

Opened in 1896, began clinical and school psychology

Front 70

To what did Witmer originally believe was responsible for behavioral and cognitive disturbances?

Back 70

Genetic factors, later environmental factors

Front 71

Who is the largest employer of psychologists in the United States?

Back 71

The Department of Veterans Affairs

Front 72

What were the areas of interest/expertise of Walter Dill Scott

Back 72

advertising and business

Front 73

What did Scott believe about consumers, and women in particular?

Back 73

Consumers can be persuaded through suggestibility; believed women more easily persuaded

Front 74

What things did Scott do to earn a college degree?

Back 74

He tutored and received scholarships

Front 75

What were the Hawthorne studies, and what was learned from them?

Back 75

They evaluated the effects of the physical work environment on employees. social and psychological factors were found to be the most crucial

Front 76

Who was Lillian Gilbreth, and for what is she known?

Back 76

The first person to receive a PhD in Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Front 77

When and why did Hugo Munsterberg come to the US?

Back 77

In 1892 Munsterberg came to the US to run a lab at Harvard at the invitation of William James

Front 78

What was Munsterberg's opinion of women in general?

Back 78

Believed women should keep to housekeeping and that they were incapable of rational deliberation

Front 79

What were Munsterberg's beliefs about the trustworthiness of eye-witness testimony?

Back 79

Found to be not accurate and affected by other variables

Front 80

What did Munsterberg believe about the unconscious?

Back 80

Did not believe in the subconscious, left the country in 1909 when Freud visited in order to avoid a conflict

Front 81

What is tropism

Back 81

an involuntary forced movement

Front 82

What is Loeb's associative memory?

Back 82

an association between stimulus and response, taken to indicate evidence of consciousness in animals

Front 83

Who wanted to study with Loeb and why was he discouraged?

Back 83

Watson, but was discouraged by Angell because Loeb was "unsafe"

Front 84

Who is Robert Yerkes

Back 84

started animal studies in 1900

Front 85

Who introduced the use of the rat maze?

Back 85

Willard S Small in 1900

Front 86

Who used the term behaviorism in a paper Watson reviewed and praised?

Back 86

Charles Henry Turner ; graduated from the University of Chicago

Front 87

The name of Margaret Floy Washburn's book on comparative psychology

Back 87

The Animal Mind

Front 88

What animals did Thorndike use? What equipment is he known for?

Back 88

Chicks; puzzle boxes

Front 89

How did Throndike make a lot of money?

Back 89

Royalties from tests and textbooks that he wrote

Front 90

What is Thorndike's connectionism?

Back 90

his approach to learning that was based on connections between situations and responses

Front 91

what is trial-and-error learning?

Back 91

learning based on the repetition of response tendencies that lead to success; Thorndike called it trial and accidental success

Front 92

What is the law of effect?

Back 92

acts that produce satisfaction in a given situation become associated with that situation; when the situation recurs, the act is likely to recur

Front 93

what is the law of exercise?

Back 93

the more an act or response is used in a given situation, the more strongly it becomes assiciated

Front 94

What year did Pavlov receive the nobel prize?

Back 94

1904

Front 95

How did Pavlov feel about 1917 Russian Revolution and of Stalin

Back 95

he disapproved and sent protest letters to Stalin

Front 96

What was the "Tower of Silence"

Back 96

A 3-story research building designed to prevent outside influences like noise, temp, odor

Front 97

Who did Pavlov accept into his lab that others did not?

Back 97

Women and Jews

Front 98

Who was Edwin Twitmyer and what did he discover?

Back 98

The knee-jerk reflex, discovered conditioned reflex

Front 99

what did Bekhterev found?

Back 99

associated reflexes

Front 100

what diagnosis did Bekhterev give to Stalin?

Back 100

severe paranoia

Front 101

how did Pavlov and Bekhterev interact?

Back 101

they fought and made sport of insulting each other

`