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118 Cards in this Set
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Presentism |
uses the current state of the field (Psychology) to describe and frame the past views the present as the highest level in the development; the present is the pinnacle of knowledge |
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historicism |
the study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present... but rather looking at the past within the context that they happened .... viewing the past from their lens!! |
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zeitgeist |
(spirit of times)... used to explain the cultural phenomenon which frames the lives of people. ex. cultural expectation/ government spending... it changes depending on where and when you are living, and it affects how we think |
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The great-person approach |
assumes that there are a few prominent people that guide history/ dictate its course. individuals alone move progress forward. |
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historical development approach |
looks at how individuals or events change throughout the years. showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea or concept through the years... ex: focusing on how mental illness has changed throughout history |
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eclectic approach |
this course uses this approach! using whatever approach seem best able to illuminate aspect of the history of psychology |
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how is science derived? |
empirical observation, organization, categorization, theory, replication |
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rationalism |
attainment of knowledge by thought (logic) .. you have the ability from birth to figure out everything on your own ex: Descartes |
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empiricism |
holds that knowledge only comes through observation the only way to learn anything is from direct experience |
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what is a scientific theory |
organized empirical observations and acts as a guide for future observations |
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what are confirmable propositions |
science generates these through hypotheses/ questions that can be tested experimentally |
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what are laws in science |
consistenty observed relationships between two or more events must be amenable to public observation (all claims must be verifiable by any person) |
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correlational laws |
describe how classes of events vary together in some systematic way ex. exercise and health |
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causal laws |
specify how events are causally related |
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determinism |
for everything that happens there are more conditions such that nothing else could happen (hard or soft determinism) hard: everything has a cause (domino effect) |
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what is the traditional view of science? |
observation, theory formation, testing, revision, prediction, control, the search for correlation/ relationships, and assume determinism |
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what was Popper's view of science |
science starts with a problem, so there is selective observation... the problem determines the science. proposed the principle of falsifiablity (science must be refutable) science must take risky predictions and take the chance it is wrong should not involve post diction, but prediction. (not describing a phenomenon after it occurs. |
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falsifiability |
just becomes a theory isn't falsifiable, doesn't make it useless... because all of science HAS to be falsifiable, it is all potentially wrong. (according to popper!) |
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what was Kuhn's view of science |
believed in correspondence theory of truth, that theories should be about and apply to an external, mind-independent world paradigms shape what we study |
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what is a paradigm |
common set of assumptions about the world |
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what is normal science? |
Kuhn's idea.... that we accept a paradigm about the world/ or science, and we explore or experiment within that paradigm! similar to puzzle solving (the results are assumed, and you try to fill in the missing pieces) |
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what is an anomaly? |
Kuhn's ideas... the only way to experience change is through anomalies, which challenge a paradigm and shift to a new one!!! |
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Kuhn's 3 stages of science? |
preparadigmatic: many competing ideas exist until one surfaces as the best (most accepted) paradigmatic: normal science occurs based on that paradigm that became most accepted revolutionary: new paradigm emerges! (paradigmatic shift) |
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Who is Paul Feyerabend |
aligned himself with those philosophers of science who claim that scientist follow no prescribed set of rules |
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environmental determinism |
stresses the important of environmental stimuli as determinants of behavior |
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sociocultural determinism |
a form of environmental determinism, but rather than emphasizing the physical stimuli that cause behavior, it emphasizes the cultural or societal rules, regulations, customs, and beliefs that govern human behavior |
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physical determinism |
biological/ sociocultural/ environmental determinism are all physical determinism!! genes, environmental stimuli, and cultural customs are accessible and quantifiable |
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psychical determinism |
determinists of behavior that are subjective and include a person's belief, emotions, sensations, perceptions, ideas, values ,and goals |
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uncertainty principle |
human behavior is determined, but the causes of the behavior cannot be accurately measured.... that nothing can be known with certainty in science! |
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what is indeterminism? |
using the uncertainty principle within psychology, this is the belief that there are specific causes of behavior but they cannot be accurately known. |
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what is free will? |
behavior is rely chosen and thus independent of physical of psychical causes (contrary to the assumption of determinism... non scientific) |
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non determinism |
using the viewpoint of free will, because the individual chooses courses of action, he or she alone is responsible for them.. |
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what are materialists |
believe that matter is the only reality, and therefore everything in the universe, including the cognitions and behavior of organisms, must be explained in terms of matter |
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what are monists? |
attempt to explain everything in terms of one reality materialists and idealists are monists. |
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what are idealists |
our physical reality results from perceived ideas (also monists!) |
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dualists |
many psychologists accept the existence of both physical and mental events and assume that the two are governed by different principles... believes that there are physical events and mental events...both exist, but the question then becomes how are they related! |
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interactionism |
form of dualism.... claims that the mind and body interact (mind influences body-- body influences mind) |
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emergentism |
mental states emerge from physical brain sates |
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epiphenomenalism |
a type of emergentism...... says that the brain causes mental events, but mental events cannot cause behaviors....mental events are simply by-products of brain processes without an ability to exert influence |
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psychophysical parallelism |
an environmental experiences causes both mental events and bodily responses simultaneously and the two are totally independent of each other |
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double aspectism |
according to this related dualist position, a person cannot be divided into a mind and body but is a unity that simultaneously experiences events physiologically and mentally. (ex: heads and tails of the same coin!) |
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preestablished harmony |
some dualists believe in this.... that there is this harmony between bodily and mental events... the two types of events are different and seperate but are coordinated by an external agent (ex: God) |
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occasionalism |
when a desire occurs in the mind, God causes the body to act. when something happens to the body, God causes corresponding mental experience |
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mechanism |
the behavior of all organisms, including humans, can be explained in the same way that the behavior of any machine can be-- in terms of its parts and the laws governing them |
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vitalism |
life can never be completely reduced to material things and mechanical laws ... living things contain a vital force that doesn't exist in inanimate objects |
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nativist |
emphasizes the role of inheritance in his or her explanation of the origins of various human attributes |
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empiricist |
emphasizes the role of experience in his or her explanation of the origins of various human attributes |
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irrationalism |
the true causes of behavior are unconscious and as such cannot be experienced rationally |
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epistemology |
the study of knowledge |
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passive mind |
empiricists postulate a passive mind that records physical experiences as mental images, recollections, and associations represents physical reality |
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active mind |
rationalists postulate an active mind that interacts with the data from experience .... a mechanism by which physical reality is organized, pondered, understood or valued |
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naive realism |
what we experience mentally is exactly the same as what is present physically |
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reification |
tendency to believe that because something has a name it also has an independent existence |
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universalism |
belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world in general that can be discovered by anyone using the proper methods of inquiry |
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relativism |
the belief that because all experience must be filtered through individual and group perspectives, the search for universal truths that exist independently of human experience must be in vain... there is no one truth, only truths |
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active reason |
according to aristotle, the faculty of the soul that searches for the essences or abstract concepts that manifest themselves in the empirical world. Aristotle thought that the active reason part of the soul was immortal |
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Allegory of the cave |
plato's description of individuals who live their lives in accordance wit hthe shadows of reality provided by sensory experience instead of in accordance with the true reality beyond sensory experience |
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analogy of the divided line |
plato's illustration of his contention that there is a hierarchy of understanding. The lowest type of understanding is based on images of empirical objects. Next highest is understand of empirical objects themselves, which results only in opinion. Next is understanding of abstract mathematical principles. Then comes an understanding of the forms. The highest understanding (true knowledge) is an understanding of the form of the good that includes knowledge of all forms and their organization |
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animism |
the belief that everything in nature is alive |
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anthromorphism |
the projection of human attributes to nonhuman things |
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associationism |
philosophical belief that mental phenomena, such as leaning, remembering, and imagining, can be explained n terms of the laws of association |
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Becoming |
according to Heraclitus, the state of everything in the universe. Nothing is static o unchanging; but rather everything is dynamic--becoming soothing else |
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common sense |
according to aristotle, the faculty located in the heart that synthesizes the information provided by the five senses |
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dionysiac-orphic religion |
religion whose major belief was that the soul becomes a prisoner of the body because of some transgression committed by the soul. The soul continues on a circle of transmigrations until it has been purged of sin, at which time it can espcae its earthly existence and return to its pure, divine existence among the gods. A number of magical practices were thought useful in releasing the soul from the bodily tomb |
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efficient cause |
according to aristotle, the force that transforms a thing |
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eidola |
a tiny replication that some early greek philosophers thought emanated from the surfaces of things in the environment, allowing the things to be perceived |
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elementism |
belief that complex processes can be understood by studying the elements of which they consist |
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entelechy |
according to aristotle, the purpose for which 1 thing exists, which remains a potential until actualized. active reason, for example, is the human entelechy, but it exists only as a potentially in many humans |
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essence |
the indispensable characteristic of a thing that gives it its unique identity |
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final cause |
according to aristotle, the purpose for which a thing exists |
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formal cause |
according to aristotle, the form of a thing |
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forms
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according to plato, the pure, abstract realities that are unchanging and timeless and therefore knowable. Such forms create imperfect manifestations of themselves when they interact with matter. It is these imperfect manifestation of the forms that are the objects of our sense impressions |
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Golden mean |
the rule aristotle suggested people follow to avoid excesses and to live a life of moderation |
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imagination |
according to aristotle, the pondering of the images retained form past experiences |
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inductive definition |
the technique used by socrates that examined many individual examples of a concept to discover what they all had in common |
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introspection |
the careful examination of one's subjective experiences |
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law of contiguity |
a thought of something will tent to cause thoughts of things that are usually experienced along with it |
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law of contrast |
a thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of opposite things |
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law of frequency |
in general, the more often events are experienced together, the stronger they become associate in memory |
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law of similarity |
a thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of similar things |
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laws of association |
those laws thought responsible for holding mental events together in memory. For aristotle, the laws of association consisted of the laws of contiguity, contrast, similarity, and frequency |
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magic |
various ceremonies and rituals that are designed to influences spirits and nature |
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material cause |
according to aristotle, what a thing is made of |
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nihilism |
the belief that because what is considered true varies from person to person, any search for universal (interpersonal) truth will fail. in other words, there is no one truth, only truths. the sophists were nihilists |
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olympian religion |
religions based on a belief in the olympian gods as they were described in the homeric poems. olympian religion tended to be favored by the privileged classes, whereas peasants, laborers, and slaves tended to favor more mystical dionysiac orphic religion. |
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passive reason |
according to aritsotle, the practical utilization of the information provided by the common sense |
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physis |
a primary substance or element from which everything is thought to be derived |
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rational soul |
according to aristote, the soul possessed only by human. it incorporates the functions of the vegetative and sensitive souls and allows thinking about events in the empirical world (passive reason) and the abstraction of the concepts that characterize events in the empirical world (active reason) |
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recall |
for aristotle, the active mental search for the recollection of past experiences |
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reductionism |
the attempt to explain objects or events in one domain by using terminology, concepts, laws, or principles from another domain. explaining observable phenomena (domain 1) in terms of atomic theory (domain 2) would be an example; explaining human behavior and cognition (domain 1) in terms of biochemical principles (domain 2) would be another. In a sense, ti can be said that events in domain 1 are reduced to events in domain 2. |
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remembering |
for aristotle, the passive recollection of past experiences |
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reminiscence theory of knowledge |
plato's belief that knowledge is attained by remembering that experiences the soul had when it dwelled among the forms before entering the obdy |
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scala naturae |
aristotles description of natures as being arranged in a hierarchy from formless matter to the unmoved mover. in the grand design, the only thing higher than humans was the unmoved mover |
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sensistive soul |
according to aristotle, the soul possessed by animals. It includes the functions by the vegetative soul and provides the ability to interact with the environment and to retain the information gained from that interaction |
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solipsism |
the belief that a person's subjective reality is the only reality that exists and can be known |
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sophists |
a group of philosopher-teachers who belief that "truth" was what people thought it to be. to convince others that something is true, one needs effective communication skills, and tit was those skills that the sophist's taught |
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teleology |
belief that nature is purposive. aristotle's philosophy was teleological |
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temple medicine |
type of medicine practices by priests in early greek temples that was characterize by superstition and magic. Individuals such as alcmaeon and hippocrates severely criticized temple medicine and were instrumental in the displacing such practices with naturalistic medicine--that is, medicine that sought natural causes of disorders rather than supernatural |
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theory of forms |
plato's contention that ultimate reality consists of abstract ideas or forms that correspond to all objects in the empirical world. knowledge of these abstractions is innate and can be attained only through introspection
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theory of mind |
an area in cognitive development that concerns how we come to know the believes, feelings, plans, and behavioral intentions of other people |
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transmigration of the soul |
the dionysiac-orphic belief that because of some transgression, the soul is compelled to dwell in one earthly prison after another until it is purified. the transmigration may find the soul at various times in plants, animals, and humans as it seeks redemption |
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unmoved mover
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according to aristotle, that which gave nature its purpose, or final cause, but was itself uncaused. in aristotles philosophy, the unmoved mover was a logical necessity |
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vegetative soul |
the soul possessed by plants. it allows only growth, the intake of nutrition, and reproduction |
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zenos paradox |
the assertion that in order for an object to pass from point A to B, it must first transverse half the distance between those points, and then half of the remaining distance ,and so on. Because this process must occur an infinite number of times, Zeno concluded that an object could logically never reach point B. |
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skepticism |
founded by pyrrho of ellis the belief that all beliefs can be proved false thus, to avoid the frustration of being wrong, it is best of believe nothing |
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cynicism |
founded by antisthenes the belief that the best life is one lived close to nature and away from the rules and regulations of society true happiness was a function of a self-sufficient simple life. |
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renaissance |
"rebirth"... tendency was to go back to more open-minded method of inquiry from early greek philosophy. switch from god-centered to human-centered |
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humanism |
denotes an intense interest in human beings, as if we were discovering ourselves for the first time |
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Martin luther |
initiated the reformation of the church. viewed the churn more closely to Paul and Augustine, not Thomas of Aquinas. nailed his ninety-five theses to the door of the castle opposed selling of indulgences |
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challenges to church authority during the renaissance |
once truths were questioned, more followed the acceptance of reason became a viable option for truth Gutenburg printing press developed |
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ptolemy |
ptolemic system: heavenly bodies, including earth, were spherical in shape and the sun, moon, and planets travel around the earth in orbits that are circular and uniform. GEOCENTRIC. |
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copernicus |
heliocentric system: the earth revolved around the sun. |
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kepler |
did the math for the heliocentric approach. anticipated gravity. started the idea that beliefs should be supported by observed facts |
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Galileo |
used math to explain reality. one of the first to say that physical relationships can be described without animations there is a true reality (physical things: height/weight) and a subjective reality (aesthetic quality color.. not directly in cause/effect) consciousness couldn't be studied because it was subjective reality excluded psychology from science. empirical observations/ testing! |
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Isaac Newton |
created DEISM: belief that God created the universe then "let it be" and let it run on its own. Law of Gravitation: all objects attract all others proportional to their mass and the inverse square of the distance between them Principles of Newtonian Science: everything could be explained in terms of space, time, matter and force. natural laws are absolute, and the material world is governed by them. |
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Francis Bacon |
did not think science should use theories, hypothesis, opinions, math... only facts of observations Radical empiricism Favored induction over dedication (positivism) knowledge is power science should provide useful info 4 sources of error that creep into science: idols of cave, tribe, marketplace, theater |
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Bacon's four sources of error |
idols of cave: personal biases idols of tribe: biases of human nature idols of marketplace: biases of verbal label/ disputes over meanings rather than reality idols of theater: biases of blind allegiance |
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Descartes |
started with idea that mathematical knowledge is real innate ideas: unity, infinity, perfection, geometry, God intuition: process of coming up with the knowledge that must be true phenomenologist: introspectively studied the workings of subjective unconsciousness The reflex: animal spirits traveled info to and from brain... study of animals explanation of dreams and sleep Mind Body Interaction: only humans have a mind, which is nonphysical... interaction dualist! focus on brain as source of behavior |
