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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First Class
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Clergy- class that prays
Roman Catholic, separate class of people--> have laws that only apply to them Differences in class associated by wealth 1. Main landowner in europe 2. 10% Tithe to church= tax 3. Wealth = power |
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Second Class
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Nobility- Class that Fought (Knights)
- comes from the fall of the roman empire - replaced by germanic kingdom - Roman empire--> Laws and judges - Germanic--> personal loyalty - A king has a group of men with him at all times - There becomes a hierarchy = warriors - By 1500 they were no longer important to the military - The army is now made up of commoners - Gunpowder is invented and knights are obsolete - Kings paid off Warriors with land--> nobility owns most of the land |
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Third Class
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Peasantry- Class that works
- They support everyone else through working the land - Variations in status: - free- pay taxes and rent - semi-free- pay taxes and rent but have certain dues to the master - Unfree- people who have no rights (Are not slaves because they cannot be bought or sold because they are tied to the land) |
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Middle Class
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Bourgeois
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Nation States
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Nation- group that speaks the same language
Nation State- a group of individuals who speak the same language - England, France, Spain, and Portugal - In all cases leaders are kings - Chaucer's Canterbury Tales--> English - Martin Luther's Bible--> German - Dante's Divine Comedy--> Italian |
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Aristotle
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384-322 AD
- wrote about everything - explained things in a clear and understandable language with no explanation of God or Jesus - Church Originally says to ignore him - Church eventually tries to reconcile faith and reason |
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St. Thomas Acquinas
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Theologian 1225-1274 AD
- wrote Summa Theologica - tried to answer question of "can we prove scripture and God based on reason" -He argues why it is both true and false - This becomes the basis of Catholic Thology--> there is no contradiction between faith and reason |
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Nominalists-
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say that by saying reason can help you understand God, then you are brining him down to a human level and God cannot be explained by human reason
- faith to get to the next world and reason to get along in this world. - Listen to the Church |
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Pope Alexander IV
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1492-1503
- one of the most corrupt popes in history - supports his own family |
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Hundred Years War
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1338-1453
The Church had a bad reputation because of destruction and its own selfishness |
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Thomas A Kempis
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1380-1471
"Imitation of Christ" says that the structure of the Church is fine, but you need to improve the people |
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St. Anne
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1505
Patron of Saint Minners - Martin Luther prayed in the name of Saint Anne and promised that if he lived through being struck by lightning that he would enter a monastery--> Augustinian Monastery |
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University of Wittenberg
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All of this take place in Saxony
- Saxony was ruled by Fredrick the Wise who makes Martin Luther a professor of Theology "Great Revelation"/ Epiphany - If God is righteous he must punish (Dilemma) - Righteousness cannot be earned--> we cannot be saved by what we do - Salvation comes through faith and is a gift - Roman 1:17- he who through faith is righteous shall live |
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Pope Leo X
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1513-1521
- He builds St. Peter's of Rome - He is really in need of some money - Creates the idea of an indulgence |
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Indulgences
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- Remission of temporal punishment of sins after the sin is forgiven
- temporal punishment- need to be punished on earth even though God has forgiven that sin - essentially it becomes that you are buying forgiveness - Indulgence- having a sin that you want to commit you can buy your forgiveness - Purgatory- a place where your earthly sins are purged before you go to heaven - becomes so you can buy less time in purgatory |
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Treasury of Merit
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- surplus of good deeds done by Jesus and the Disciples that you can buy for yourself
- Needed good deeds to help you get to heaven |
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Albert of Hohenzollern
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- want to have 2 archbishop positions at one time
- goes to pope and asks for the Archbishopry and the pope says he must pay $34,000 ducats - he borrows the money but then cannot pay it back - Ultimately, the pop has an indulgence sale and half of the proceeds go to Archbishop and half to him |
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John Tetzel
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Dominican Friar who is in charge of an indulgence sale
- Has a wagon and sells forgiveness |
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95 Theses
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Martin Luther
Oct. 31, 1517 Written in Latin and posted on the church door for everyone to read - Says that the Pope cannot forgive anyone or anything and neither can indulgences |
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Cardinal Cajetan
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1518
wants Luther to recant his statements talks to him for three days but he doesnt change his mind |
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Johann Eck
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challenges Luther in a debate and catches him in a number of contradictions
Makes Luther decide he no longer wants to be catholoc |
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"Freedom of a Christian"
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Martin Luther
an essay about how every Christian, no matter his standing on earth, is a free christian in his heart and soul |
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Ulrich Zwingli
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1484-1531
- creator of first non-lutheran protestant church |
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Zurich Switzerland
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Ulrich Zwingli
- was a priest there - agreed with Luther and turned his congregation into a Lutheran one |
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Bare Church
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No music, stain glass, nothing that detracts from the word of God
Ulrich's idea |
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Transubstantiation
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Catholic- means literally turn into the body of christ
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Consubstantiation
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Lutheran: body, blood, and bread exist together, but we do not turn into the body itself--> purely a representation of the last supper
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Meeting in Hesse
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1529
Had a heated debate about communion |
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Anabaptism
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- comes from Zwingli church
- Rebaptizers - if you are baptized as a baby it does not count - must be baptized as an adult |
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Biblical Literalists
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does exactly as the Bible says
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King Henry VIII
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1509-1547
He needed a divorce - wife was Catherine or Aragon--> she did not give him a male heir--> "The King's Great Matter" - Needed a male heir because of he died, England could slip back into Civil War (War of the Roses) - Must get the popes approval to get a new wife - Charles V of Hapsburg - Most powerful man in Europe and the nephew of Catherine of Aragon - says no to the divorce of King Henry - Henry's Advisors tell him to create his own church so that he can get a divorce 1533- Anne Boleyn announces that she is pregnant by the King |
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Thomas Cramer
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Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Henry VIII
Says to create new church and pushes him to do so |
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Act of Supremacy
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1534
- creates the church of england as a separate entity from the Roman Catholic Church - Church of England--> same as roman catholic in ceremonies |
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The Institutes of the Christian Religion
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- John Calvin
-1536 - first systematic explanation of protestant theology - Predestination- God has already predetermined or decided who will be saved and who wont be - MAIN MESSAGE: the Majesty and Sovereignty of God - Sin is still our fault--> we cannot put our faults on God |
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The Elect
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PEOPLE WHO ARE SAVED
How do we know if we are the elect? - Heartfelt profession of Faith - Decent and Godly life - Regular participation in communion |
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Ecclesiastical Ordinances
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- Pastor- explain the word of God, conduct orders of the church (baptism/communion)
- Teachers- teach children and those who wish to profit from instruction - must have a bachelor's degree - also paid by the state--> no distinction between church and state - elders (12) watched over public morality --> often were city officials so offenders got punished on both ends |
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Geneva Switzerland
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Example of Church structure
- consistory- pastors and elders who tried people and punished them for their sins - Punished: - anything that hinted at catholicism - Superstition - Indecent Behavior |
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Charles V of Hapsburg
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16th Century Germany
- system of gov = monarchy - rulers are hereditary - Holy Roman Empire--> all of the german states - similar to the UN - passed laws and resolutions and the people could follow them or not because there was no officials to enforce them - Made up of Little Monarchs ruling little States Emperor of the HRE - most powerful man in europe - gained all his power through marriages - He is a good catholic and wants to reform the corrupt catholic church but keep it catholic |
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Meeting at Worms
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1521
Church officials at the meeting try to get Luther to recant but he will not Wartburg Castle- Martin Luther is kidnapped by his followers and taken here where he translates the bible into German |
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King Francis I of France
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1515-1547
- was scared of Charles V because he was surrounded by the HRE - Decides to push Charles V back--> Hapsburg- Valois War 1521-1559 |
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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1520-1566
Threat of the Ottoman Empire on the HRE - Turkish, Muslim, most powerful state in Europe but not western - Turks were 75 miles from the city of Vienna |
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Peasants Revolt
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1524- 1525
- Luther's idea of a free christian gets misconstrued and leads to peasants violently slaughtering nobles - Luther writes a pamphlet about this revolt --> "Against the Murderous Hordes of Peasants" LUTHERISM CEASES TO BE THE POPULAR RELIGION AND BECOMES THE RELIGION OF THE PRINCES --> CALVINISM AND ANABAPTISM FOR EVERYONE ELSE |
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Religious Peace of Augsburg
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1555
- recognized catholicism and lutheranism as legal religions in Germany -NOT CALVINISM |
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"Cajus regio, ejus religio"
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the prince can decide the religion of the state
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Society of Jesus (Jesuits) : Ignatius Loyola
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- professional soldier
- conversion experience while recovering from a wound GOD HAS GIVEN HUMAN BEINGS THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE |
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Free Will
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God has given people the right to choose whether or not they want to be saved
This is not an easy choice because of temptation -Must discipline yourself to be saved |
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Spiritual Exercise
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Pamphlet written by Ignatius Loyola that gives examples of spiritual exercises to improve ones spiritual life
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Formation of the Society of Jesus
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1534
- Heretic- protestants - Heathens - non-believers - goal: to convert heathens and heretics - Papal recognition in 1540 - obedience to Pope |
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Council of Trent
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1545- 1547; 1551-1552; 1562-1563
- reform would have happened but the protestant reformation helped to shape the direction - Established religious authority - Not just any bible but the Latin Vulgate Translation of the Bible as interpreted by the church - If you have a question ask your priest--> you cannot look up your answer You are obligated to believe what the church has told you How is one saved? "FAITH AND WORKS" |
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Council of Trent 1545-1563
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What is the Church?
- the visible institution of the church as established by christ through st. peter - reaffirmation of the 7 sacraments -reaffirmation of the central role of mass -reaffirmation of transubstantiation -Reform of the Clergy - improved training of priests - Reaffirmed celibacy of the clergy - regulated a proper dress code |
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Absolutism
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Definition: The prince is the most important figure
- the Prince is Sovereign- laws are made in his name -The Estates - Absolutism- occurred when the prince no longer consulted with the estates - not a dictatorship - an absolute monarch was supposed to respect the laws and customs of the land |
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The Estates
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- Parliamentary bodies
- "The legitimate representative of the class privileged by law - 3 houses--> Clergy, Lords, Everyone else - usually not elected but sat by the virtue of the birthright, office, or service - had control of taxes and their condition |
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The Politiques
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- a group of calvinists and catholics who demanded an absolute monarch to stop the killing
PROBLEM: Kings during this time were young and ineffective |
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Absolute Monarchs Powers
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- Jail those causing disorder
- Confiscate property - Impose armed force whenever though necessary - Raise revenue w/o approval when needed to restore order - Respect Laws of the land as best as possible |
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Henry IV
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1589-1610
- Legit heir to the throne - Huguenot (Calvinist) but knows that he will never be able to unite the country unless he is catholic - 1594 converts to catholicism--> "Paris is worth a Mass" |
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Edict of Nantes
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1598
-passed by Henry IV - Freedom of Religion to the Huguenots and the right to protect it - means that they can maintain their army |
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Cardinal Richelieu
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1585-1642
-1610-1643 --> no real main authority to make people follow Henry's IV's reforms - 1624- Cardinal Richelieu is appointed - Edict of Nantes--> right of the huguenots to maintain army meant that there were armed forces in France that the King did not control - He wanted them to give up their army not their religion - Religious war- Kings army vs. Calvinist--> Calvinists are defeated in 1629 so no more army for the Huguenots |
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Letter of Majesty
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1609
Gives the Calvinists the right to religious freedom established under Rudolph II (Hapsburg and Catholic) 1576-1612 |
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Ferdinand II
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1619-1637 Catholic
In 1618 tells the bohemian estates that when he becomes rule the letter of majesty will no be honored |
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Defenestration of Prague
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May 1618
The messengers who were sent with Ferdinand's letter were thrown out of a window |
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Fredrick of Palatinate
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choses as King
gives rise to a constitutional issue--> does the estates have the right to do this |
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Peace of Westphalia
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1648
Calvinism becomes a legal religion in Germany |
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Charles I
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England 1625-1649
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Commonwealth
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1649-1660
ruler is Oliver Cromwell 1559-1658 a Calvinist Horrible system and very ineffective Leads to the Reestablishment of the english monarchy |
