Histology- Introduction Lecture 1 & 2

Front 1

For Tissue preparation:
What is the mechanism of Fixation of following:
Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Paraformaldehyde, Osmium Tetroxide, and Methanol

Back 1

Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde and Paraformaldehyde = Cross Link Protein Amine Group.

Osmium Tetroxide: Cross Linking Lipids and Proteins.

Methanol: Denatures Protein

Front 2

Hematoxylin is what type of dye (Acidic or Basic) and what structres does it stains, and what color? What are some examples of the structures it dyes?

Back 2

Hematoxylin is a Basic Dye with +ve charge. It stains Negative charged structures Blue. Examples: (heterochromatin,nucleoli, rough ER,ribosomes)

Front 3

Eosin is what type of dye (Acidic or Basic) and what structres does it stains, and what color? What are some examples of the structures it dyes?

Back 3

Eosin is an Acidic Dye with -ve charge. It stains Positive charged structures Red. Examples: (heterochromatin, nucleoli, rough ER, ribosomes)cytoplasmicfilaments,membranouscomponents {esp.mitochondria}, extracellular filaments.

Front 4

T/F Dueto chemical interactions, different stains have affinities to certain cellularcomponents and therefore specificstains help us identify specific components of cells.

T/F Stains do not disrupt the light used to view tissues

Back 4

True
False: •Tobe observed, tissue must in some way disrupt the beam (light, electron) whichis used to view it•Stainsprovide that disruption so the cells/tissue can be visualized.

Front 5

For Staining, the cellular structures that are basophillic in nature are what (acidic or basic)?

What about for cellular structures that are acidophilic?

Back 5

•Basophilic cellular components–“likesbasic stain” therefore acidic

•Acidophilic cellular components –“likesacidic stain” therefore basic

Front 6

Hematoxylin and Eosin are most common stains. What color do they stain the cellular structures and what structures usually do they stain?

Back 6

•Hematoxylinstains nuclei blue

•Eosinstains cytoplasm red.

Blue color has to do with nucleus,nuclear material or RNA. Anything connective tissue or blood has Red color. instead

Front 7

You are in the laboratoy and want to stain glycoprotein at the following cellular regions: basal lamina, cell surface and mucous. What stain would you use?

Back 7

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)

Front 8

* Staining Technique usedto distinguish collagen (blue) in the extracellular matrix is?

* Wrights stain is classic stain usedfor blood. What staining chemicals are utilized in this technique?

Back 8

Trichrome.

Methylene blueand eosin

Front 9

Name the cellular components where these Special Stains would stain:

*Elasticstain
•Massontrichrome
•Silverstain
•Periodicacid-Schiff stain

Back 9

Special HISTOCHEMICAL STAINS:

•Elasticstain (elastic fibers)
•Massontrichrome(Type I collagen fibers)
•Silverstain (reticular [Type III collagen] fibers) •Periodicacid-Schiff stain (carbohydrates)

Front 10

What microscopic technique is used to study living cells? Would you stain living cells?

T/F Scanning EM can be used to study surface features?

Back 10

Phase Contrast:

•Nostaining

•Usedfor living cells

•Cellularcomponents diffract light beam

True.

Front 11

You are in a lab and want to study living tissue. You utilize a radioactive substance to incorporate into living cells to study method used to tagging antibodies or to study mitotically active cells. What technique is it called and what radioactive substance is it?

Back 11

Autoradiography

Radioactive thymidine

Front 12

Mitochondria is stained ___________________?

If a pt has a mitochondrial disease / problem. What cellular levels / tissue levels issues pt will face. What organs are effected by mitochondrial problems.

Back 12

Mitochondria is stained Eosinophilic. Eosinophilic is acidic dye and therefore the structure being stained is Basic and as a collorary Acidophilic.

Mitochondrial problem: Decreased producton of ATP's and increased production of Lactic Acid.

Heart and Brain and mostly effected.

Front 13

TheRNA in the ribosomes of rough ER are basophilic / acidophilic

•Thereforecytoplasm with a lot of rough ER appears ____________.

Back 13

•TheRNA in the ribosomes of rough ER are basophilic

•Thereforecytoplasm with a lot of rough ER appears blue

Front 14

What structured do you see in this images?

Back 14

Lysosomes

Front 15

What structure looks dense and basophilic under the light microscopy?

Back 15

Lysosomes

Front 16

•Gaucher Disease•Niemann-Pick Disease Mucolipidosis II•Metachromatic Leukodystrophy•Mucopolysaccharidoses •Hurler Syndrome •Fabry disease. Are all example of what type of disease?

Back 16

Lysosomal Storage Disease.

Front 17

What component is it?
Large protein complexes
Locatedin the nucleus andthe cytoplasm Degrade unneeded or damaged polypeptide, •Enzymescalled ___________ breakpeptides by breaking peptide bonds

Proteinsare tagged for degradationwith ___________

Back 17

Proteosomes
Proteases
Ubiquitine

Front 18

What are some examples of Ubiquitine Proteosome disorder?

Breakdown of very long chain fatty acids is through __________________ and occurs in?

Microfilaments are made from ?
Intermediate Filaments are made from?

Microtubules are made from?

Back 18

•Astrocytomas

•Parkinson’sdisease (Lewy bodies)

•Alzheimer’sdisease (amyloid)

Breakdown of very long chain Fatty Acids is through Beta Oxidation and occurs in Proxisomes.

Microfilaments Actin

Intermediate Filaments Keratin
Microtubules Tubulin

Front 19

Elongation of Microtubules occurs from -ve direction because +ve end is capped? T/F

Microtubules: Motor cars use ATP•Dynein toward ______ end (fromperiphery)•Kinesin toward ______ end (towardperiphery)

Cilia are composed of __________________ (Microfilaments, Actin, microtubules)

What are Cilia purpose?

Back 19

* F it is opposite.

* Dyenin moves Towards -ve end.

Kinesins move towards +ve end.

Cilia are composed of 9+2 configuration of Microtubules.

* Cilia purpose is Motile Cell Surface Adaptations.

Front 20

__________ assist also in the reproductive systemto move along the egg. In respiratory tract the ________ assists with moving alongthe mucus. In brain __________ helps with movement of CSF. _____ are found on the surface of the cell.

What is _____ Made of and the organization.

Back 20

Cilia. Cilia is made of Microtubules. Cilia is made of 9+2 configuration of Microtubules.

Front 21

________________ help aid in theabsorption of the nutrients.

They are made of ?

Back 21

Micrivilli.

Microvilli are actin microfilaments

Front 22

Give the areas the following intermediate filaments would be found?

Tonofilaments
Desmin
Vimentin
Neurofilaments
Glial Filaments

Back 22

Glial Filaments - Glial Cells
Neurofilamnts- Neurons
Vimentin - Mesenchymal Cells
Desmin - Muscle Cells

Tonofilaments - Epithelium