Msi Week 1: Histology Lecture 1

Front 1

Name the 4 basic types of tissue.

Back 1

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous

Front 2

Which type of tissue lines tubes and covers surfaces and is comprised of sheets of cells?

Back 2

Epithelial tissue

Front 3

Which type of tissue consists of cells dispersed in an extracellular matrix?

Back 3

Connective tissue

Front 4

Which type of tissue is specialized for contraction to produce movement?

Back 4

Muscular tissue

Front 5

Which type of tissue is specialized to respond to stimuli and conduct signals from one point to another?

Back 5

Nervous tissue

Front 6

Which type of tissue provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs?

Back 6

Connective tissue

Front 7

Name the 2 types of connective tissue proper.

Back 7

1. Loose connective tissue (areolar)
2. Dense connective tissue (irregular, regular)

Front 8

Name 5 types of specialized connective tissue.

Back 8

1. Cartilage
2. Bone
3. Adipose
4. Blood
5. Hematopoietic

Front 9

When comparing loose and dense irregular connective tissue, which is more cellular?

Which one has more collagen fibers and therefore a higher tensile strength?

Back 9

Loose connective tissue is more cellular.

Dense connective tissue has more collagen and a higher tensile strength

Front 10

Which type of connective tissue consists of fibroblasts compressed between parallel bundles of collagen?

Back 10

Dense regular connective tissue

Front 11

What type of fibers can be found in the dermis of the skin and have a wavy appearance?

Back 11

Collagen fibers (Type I)

*Nuclei of fibroblasts are numerous among the collagen fibers

Front 12

What type of cells produce the fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix?

Back 12

Fibroblasts

Front 13

What major type of collagen is the most abundant?

Back 13

Type I

Front 14

What major type of collagen forms dermis, organ capsules, bone, dentin, tendons, and ligaments?

Back 14

Type I

Front 15

What type of collagen is found mainly in cartilage?

Back 15

Type II

Front 16

Which type of collagen composes reticular fibers?

Back 16

Type III

Front 17

Which type of collagen is present in he basal lamina?

Back 17

Type IV

Front 18

What type of collagenous fibers provide structural support for organs such as the pancreas, liver, and lymph nodes?

What type of stain must be used to visualize these fibers?

Back 18

Reticular fibers (type III collagen)
(fine, branching collagenous fibers)

Visualized with PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) or silver stain
(not identifiable in H&E sections)

Front 19

What are elastic fibers composed of?

What type of stain is needed to visualize elastin in tissue sections?

Back 19

1. Elastin glycoprotein
2. Microfibrils (organizing structure for growing elastin)

*Verhoeff's stain is needed

Front 20

Describe the structure of elastic fibers.

Back 20

Can occur as branching fibers and as sheets

Front 21

What type of cells are the ancestors of most native cells of adult connective tissue?

Back 21

Mesenchymal cells
(undifferentiated cells)

Front 22

List the 6 descendents of mesenchymal cells.

Back 22

1. Chondroblast
2. Adipocyte
3. Fibroblast
4. Mesothelial cell
5. Endothelial cell
6. Osteoblast

Front 23

List the 8 descendants of hematopoietic stem cells

Back 23

1. B lymphocyte ---> plasma cell
2. Monocyte --> macrophage; osteoclast
3. Megakaryocyte
4. Mast cell
5. Basophil
6. Eosinophil
7. Neutrophil
8. Red blood cell

Front 24

What type of cells are phagocytic, act as antigen-presenting cells to B-lymphocytes, and are derived from monocytes?

Back 24

Macrophages

Front 25

Where are plasma cells usually found?

Where are they NOT found?

Back 25

Found in:
1. Lymph nodes
2. Spleen
3. Connective tissue

Not found in bloodstream

Front 26

Describe the physical characteristics of plasma cells.

Back 26

1. Prominent rough ER
2. Prominent golgi
3. "cartwheel nucleus" (alternating light and dark perimeter with a dark nucleolus)

*These characteristics indicate a high production of proteins

Front 27

Which cells are derived from B-lymphocytes and produce antibodies?

Back 27

Plasma cells

Front 28

Which cells are long-lived in connective tissue and are usually located near blood vessels?

Back 28

Mast cells

Front 29

What are metachromatic granules, and what type of cells are these found within?

Back 29

Granules released in response to trauma or allergic reaction. They contain heparin, histamine, and eosinophilic chemotactic factor, which results in inflammation.

Found within mast cells

Front 30

What type of cells are known as "white fat"?

Back 30

Adipocytes

Front 31

What type of cells are surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm with an eccentrically displaced nucleus?

Back 31

Unilocular fat cells (white adipose tissue)

Front 32

What type of fat cells function as lipid storage and mobilization?

Back 32

Unilocular fat cells (white adipose)

Front 33

What type of adipose tissue is "brown fat"?

Back 33

Multilocular adipose

Front 34

What type of adipose tissue is thermogenic (generates heat in newborns)?

Back 34

Multilocular adipose
(This fat degenerates with age)

Front 35

What type of protein is abundant in multilocular adipose tissue?

Back 35

Cytochrome oxidase
(high concentration in brown fat)

Front 36

List the 2 superficial and 3 deeper deposits of multilocular adipose.

Back 36

Superficial deposits:
1. Posterior triangle
2. Interscapular space
Deeper deposits:
1. Retrosternal space
2. Anterior vertebral column
3. Around kidneys

Front 37

Name 2 immigrant cells that appear transiently in connective tissue as part of the inflammatory reaction to an injury.

Back 37

1. T-Lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity)
2. B-Lymphoctyes (differentiates into plasma cells)

Front 38

Describe the physical characteristics of lymphocytes.

Back 38

Small cells with a dark spheroid nucleus and little cytoplasm

Front 39

Which cells are short-lived granulocytes that have an anti-inflammatory action (histaminidase) and increase in number in response to allergies or parasitic infections?

Back 39

Eosinophils

Front 40

What is the most abundant granulocyte?

Back 40

Neutrophils

Front 41

Which cell is active in the first line of defense against infection?

Back 41

Neutrophils

Front 42

T or F.

Neutrophils can undergo cell division.

Back 42

FALSE

Front 43

In what circumstance are neutrophils found in tissue?

Back 43

Found in tissue during acute phase of infection as pus.

Front 44

Describe the function of neutrophils.

Back 44

Phagocytize bacteria
(contain specific granules that have antibacterial enzymes)

Front 45

Describe the unique structure of the nucleus of a neutrophil.

Back 45

Multi-lobulated

Front 46

Describe the appearance of eosinophils.

Back 46

Bi-lobed nucleus
Granules in cytoplasm stain red.

Front 47

How do neutrophils enter connective tissue?

Back 47

Diapedesis
(travel between endothelial cells: adhesion, emigration, and migration-- accomplished by concentration gradient of chemotactic factors)

Front 48

What type of connective tissue forms the fetal skeleton?

Back 48

Cartilage

Front 49

T or F.

Cartilage is avascular and has no lymphatics or nerves.

Back 49

TRUE.

Front 50

How does cartilage receive nutrients?

Back 50

Via diffusion through extracellular matrix

Front 51

What is cartilage composed of?

Back 51

1. Chondrocytes
2. Extracellular matrix

Front 52

Name the 3 types of cartilage.

Back 52

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage

Front 53

Describe the components of hyaline cartilage.

Back 53

1. Type II collagen
2. GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
3. Proteoglycans

Front 54

What is elastic cartilage composed of?

Back 54

Elastic fibers in matrix

Front 55

What is fibrocartilage composed of?

Back 55

Type I collagen in matrix

Front 56

What type of cells make up cartilage, and where are these cells specifically found within the tissue?

Back 56

Chondrocytes
Located in potential spaces called lacunae

Front 57

What do you call a group of chondrocytes that have recently divided?

Back 57

Isogenous groups

Front 58

What type of matrix if found immediately surrounding lacunae?
What color do the sulfated proteoglyancs in this matrix stain?

Back 58

Territorial matrix

Sulfated proteoglycans are basophilic, so they stain a deep blue color.

Front 59

What is the name of the matrix found between groups of chondrocytes?

Back 59

Interterritorial matrix

Front 60

Name the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage.

Back 60

Perichondrium

Front 61

What is the outer fibrous layer of the perichondrium composed of?

Back 61

1. Type I collagen
2. Fibroblasts

Front 62

What is the inner chondrogenic layer of perichondrium composed of?

Back 62

1. Cells that give rise to chondroblasts
2. Type II collagen
(chondroblasts become chondrocytes, which produce Type II collagen)

Front 63

T or F.

Perichondrium is not present on articular surfaces.

Back 63

TRUE.

Front 64

Describe the 4 general steps of cartilage formation.

Back 64

1. Centers of chondrification form during development
2. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts (secrete matrix, and chondrocytes become entrapped in lacunae)
3. Chondrocytes produce cartilage matrix
4. Chondrocytes undergo cell division--form isogenous groups

Front 65

Name the 2 types of cartilage growth.

Back 65

1. Appositional growth
2. Interstitial growth

Front 66

Which type of cartilage growth occurs at the surface of existing cartilage and forms perichondrium?

Back 66

Appositional growth

Front 67

Which type of carilage growth occurs within an existing cartilage mass?

Back 67

Interstitial growth

*Chondrocytes undergo cell division and form isogenous groups-- this enlarges cartilage from within.

Front 68

What type of collagen is found in hyaline cartilage?

Back 68

Type II

Front 69

What type of collagen is found in elastic cartilage?

Back 69

Type II
(plus elastic fibers)

Front 70

What type of collagen is found in fibrocartilage?

Back 70

Type I and Type II

Front 71

Which type of cartilage composes the fetal skeleton, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plates, and the costal cartilage of ribs?

Back 71

Hyaline cartilage

Front 72

Which type of cartilage composes nasal cartilages, trachea, bronhi, cricoid, and thyroid cartilage?

Back 72

Hyaline cartilage

Front 73

What 4 structures in the human body are composed of elastic cartilage?

Back 73

1. External ear
2. External auditory meatus
3. Eustachian tube
4. Epiglottis

Front 74

Is perichondrium present in elastic cartilage?

Back 74

YES.

Front 75

Compared to hyaline and fibrocartilage, does elastic cartilage have more or less chondrocytes?

Back 75

MORE
Chondrocytes are very abundant in elastic cartilage.

Front 76

Can perichondrium be found in fibrocartilage?

Back 76

NO.

Front 77

Fibrocartilage is a combination of which 2 tissues?

Back 77

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Dense regular connective tissue

Front 78

Which type of cartilage is found in articular disks, menisci, pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, and sites of insertion of ligaments and tendons into bone?

Back 78

Fibrocartilage.

Front 79

How are chondrocytes organized in fibrocartilage?

Back 79

Chondrocytes present singularly, in rows, or in isogneous groups.

Front 80

Name the 3 common fiber types.

Back 80

1. Collagen
2. Elastin
3. Reticular

Front 81

Which type of fiber appears thick and wavy and stains red?

Back 81

Collagen fiber (type I)

Front 82

Which type of fibers stain black and appear as branching black lines?

Back 82

Elastic fibers

Front 83

These fibers stain black with silver stain and are often called argyrophilic fibers. The spleen demonstrates the supportive network of reticular fibers present in many organs

Back 83

Reticular fibers

Front 84

Name the most common cell type of connective tissue.

Back 84

Fibroblasts

Front 85

In the tendon, ____________ are seen as elongate nuclei found in rows (“boxcarring”) between collagen fibers.

Back 85

Fibroblasts

Front 86

These cells are readily identified in the mucosa of the digestive tract. The cells are ovoid with basophilic cytoplasm, due to RER. The diagnostic feature of these cells is their eccentric round nuclei commonly described as "clock face" nuclei.

Back 86

Plasma cells

Front 87

In the lung, _____________ are found easily in the air spaces where these cells have either ingested carbon particles or erythrocytes.

Back 87

Alveolar macrophages

Front 88

One can infer the identity of this cell by its indented nucleus

Back 88

Macrophage

Front 89

What color is lipid stained in peripheral nerves?

Back 89

BLACK

Front 90

What are the most common connective tissue leukocytes?

Back 90

Lymphocytes

Front 91

Where are aggregates of lymphocytes often found?

Back 91

often found associated with the mucosal epithelium of the GI tract, such as the esophagus

(They have a small amount of slightly basophilic cytoplasm and a large, darkly stained nucleus because of condensed chromatin)

Front 92

What type of connective tissue is located under the thick eosinophilic basement membrane of the respiratory epithelium in the trachea.

Back 92

Loose connective tissue (areolar)

Front 93

What type of connective tissue is located directly beneath the epidermis of the skin

Back 93

Loose connective tissue (areolar)

Front 94

How do loose connective and dense irregular tissue differ?

Back 94

Dense irregular connective tissue has similar components as loose connective tissue. However, the collagen fibers predominate and there are fewer cells and less amorphous ground substance. The collagen is arranged in bundles without any specific orientation.

Front 95

What type of tissue has collagen bundles arranged in a definite pattern according to the direction of stress. The tendon clearly shows this arrangement.

Back 95

Dense regular connective tissue