Histology Block 2 Lecture 1

Front 1

The layers of the heart wall from outside to inside are: (1) ______________, (2) ______________, (3) ______________, (4) ______________.

Back 1

pericardium; epicardium; myocardium; endocardium

Front 2

The endocardium is more prominent in the ______________.

Back 2

atria

Front 3

The sub-endothelium is comprised of ______________ and ______________ fibers, ______________, and ______________.

Back 3

collagen; elastic; fibroblasts; smooth muscle

Front 4

The sub-endocardium is comprised of ______________ connective tissue, ______________, ______________, and ______________ cells.

Back 4

loose; blood vessels; nerves; Purkinje

Front 5

The myocardium contains ______________, ______________, ______________, small ______________, and very little ______________ (mostly around blood vessels). The myocardium is thickest in the ______________ and thinnest in the ______________.

Back 5

myocytes; capillaries; blood vessels; nerves; connective tissue; left ventricle; atria

Front 6

The epicardium contains ______________ cells, ______________, ______________, and ______________.

Back 6

fat; coronary blood vessels; nerves; ganglia

Front 7

The cardiac myocytes are characterized by ______________ nuclei, ______________, and irregular shaped cells that ______________.

Back 7

centrally located; intercalated disks; branch

Front 8

The endocardium includes the ______________, ______________, and ______________ (which contains the Purkinje fibers).

Back 8

endothelium; sub-endothelium; sub-endocardium

Front 9

The large pale-staining cells in the sub-endocardium are modified myocytes called ______________. They are the conducting cells of the heart.

Back 9

Purkinje cells

Front 10

The bulk of the semilunar valve consists of ______________ covered by ______________.

Back 10

dense connective tissue; endothelium

Front 11

What is the difference between the AV valves and the semilunar valves?

Back 11

semilunar valves contain elastic arteries

Front 12

The layers of the vessels from exterior to interior include: (1) ______________, (2) ______________, and (3) ______________.

Back 12

tunica adventitia; tunica media; tunica intima

Front 13

The tunica ______________ is composed of mostly smooth muscle.

Back 13

media

Front 14

The tunica ______________ is composed of a single layer of flattened, squamous endothelial cells and a sub-endothelial layer of ______________.

Back 14

intima; connective tissue

Front 15

The tunica ______________ is composed mainly of fibroelastic connective tissue.

Back 15

adventitia

Front 16

Typically, the arterial blood passes into a ______________ and then into the venous system.

Back 16

capillary bed

Front 17

There are certain areas where a ______________ occurs between two capillary beds, such as the ______________, ______________, ______________ and ______________.

Back 17

portal system; digestive tract; liver; pituitary; kidney

Front 18

The largest arteries in the body are the ______________ and ______________. They are ______________ arteries characterizes by large amounts of elastic fibers in the ______________.

Back 18

aorta; pulmonary trunk; elastic; tunica media

Front 19

The walls of the veins are relatively ______________ than the arteries.

Back 19

thinner

Front 20

Large veins may possess ______________ which are absent in arteries.

Back 20

valves

Front 21

The large, medium, and small veins contain ______________ and ______________ fibers.

Back 21

elastic; reticular

Front 22

Which type of collagen is found in reticular fibers?

Back 22

Type III collagen

Front 23

As you go down the vascular tree, you notice a gradual change from arteries with large amounts of ______________ in the media to those which have little or no fibers in the media but distinct layers of fibers in the ______________ and ______________.

Back 23

elastic fibers; intima; adventitia

Front 24

The ______________ is especially well developed in muscular arteries and separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.

Back 24

internal elastic lamina

Front 25

In many instances, the artery, vein, nerve, and lymphatics run together in a fascial sheath which is called a ______________.

Back 25

nerve vascular bundle

Front 26

Veins are often ______________ shaped.

Back 26

irregularly

Front 27

The lymphatic system is a ______________ system in which the lymphatic vessels have a closed end where material enters the lymphatic system from the ______________.

Back 27

discontinuous; extracellular matrix

Front 28

______________ connect the arterioles and the venules; instead of a continuous tunica media, they have individual ______________ cells placed a short distance apart that act as sphincters.

Back 28

Metarterioles; smooth muscle

Front 29

The wall of the capillary varies depending on its location. ______________ capillaries are found in muscle and nervous tissue; ______________ capillaries are found in the pancreas, digestive organs, and some endocrine glands; ______________ capillaries are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

Back 29

Continuous; fenestrated; sinusoidal

Front 30

The simple squamous endothelial cells lining the vascular system may secrete multiple chemical components ranging from ______________, which acts in clot formation, vasoconstrictors such as ______________, to components of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix such as collagen types ______, ______, and ______, as well as ______________ and ______________.

Back 30

von willebrand factor; endothelin; II; IV; V; fibronectin; laminin

Front 31

The most common cause of death in the US is ______________.

Back 31

cardiovascular disease

Front 32

Some of the most common diseases are ______________, ______________, and ______________. There are also vascular complications associated with other diseases such as ______________.

Back 32

stroke; heart attack; atherosclerosis; diabetes

Front 33

Atherosclerosis occurs when deposits of fat are ______________.

Back 33

crystallized

Front 34

A blockage of the coronary arteries may result in an ______________ where the muscle cells in the area supplied by the blocked artery are damaged due to decreased perfusion.

Back 34

infarct

Front 35

What is the sequence of myocardial infarct cell infiltration? (1) ______________, (2) ______________, (3) ______________, (4) ______________ and ______________.

Back 35

neutrophils; macrophages; angioblasts; fibroblasts and collagen

Front 36

Atherosclerosis in a coronary vessel may lead to ______________ and then to an infarct in which the muscle tissue dies.

Back 36

ischemia

Front 37

After an infarct, a cascade of events involving cellular ______________ occurs.

Back 37

infiltration

Front 38

First, ______________ appear to fight possible bacterial infection. They are followed by ______________ and finally ______________ resulting in a connective tissue scar replacing the myocytes.

Back 38

neutrophils; macrophages; fibroblasts

Front 39

During the neutrophil infiltration, the combination of dying tissue and neutrophilic enzymes may lead to a ______________.

Back 39

rupture in the wall

Front 40

Does the heart contain a stem cell, such as the satellite cell which can differentiate and replace the damaged myocytes?

Back 40

NO (while skeletal muscles do possess satellite cells, the cardiac tissue does not)

Front 41

To maintain cardiac output in congestive heart failure, 3 systems are activated. An increase in ______________ from the sympathetic nervous system, which results in vaso-______________. The activation of the ______________ system decreases kidney filtration and increases fluid retention, increasing blood volume. Cardiac ______________ from increased sarcomeres.

Back 41

catecholamines; vasoconstriction; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone; hypetrophy

Front 42

Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by either an increase in wall thickness via ______________ hypertrophy, in which there is ______________ sarcomere replication, or an increase in chamber size via ______________ hypertrophy, in which there is ______________ sarcomere replication.

Back 42

concentric; parallel; eccentric; series