Hhp 2603 - Wellness - Use And Abuse Of Psychoactive Drugs

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Drug

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any chemical other food intended to affect the structure or the function of the body

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Psychoactive drug

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alters a person’s consciousness or experience in general

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Intoxication

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state of being mentally affected by chemical

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Drug Misuse

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use of a drug for a purpose that it was not intended for

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Drug Abuse

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o APA definition
• Failure to fulfill major responsibilities
• Drug use in situations that are hazardous
• Drug related legal problem
• Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems (work, school, relationships)

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Drug Dependance symptoms

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Tolerence - person needs an increases amount of that substance to get an effect
Withdrawal - seen in people who have maintained a dependence for some years and get sick when they abstain
Taking larger amounts than intended
expressing persistent desire to cut down
spending extensive time acquiring, using, or coming down
Neglecting important activities
continuation with recognition of a problem
3 OR MORE IN 12 MONTHS = DEPENDENCE

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How Drugs affect the body

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Once they reach the brain, drugs act on nurotransmitter production by increasing, decreaseing, halting or beginning production of the transmitters.

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Drug Factors

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o Pharmacological properties - Overall effects on a persons behavior psychology and chemistry
o Dose-Response Function - Relationship of amount taken and type and intensity of its effects
• Drugs reach a plateau effect where it levels off
o Time-action function – relationship between time elapsed since taken drug and when effects occur
o Drug use history – when tolerance builds up you need more to reach the same effect
o Route of Administration
• Injecting, snorting, inhaling, ingestion, absorption

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User Factors - individual differences in reactions to drugs

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o Body mass – a drug will have twice the impact on a 100 lb. person than a 200 lb person
o Metabolic factor – slower meta feels it longer, faster meta feels it faster
o Biochemical state – if already effected it can create a different affect of another drug
o Expectations – placebo effect

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Social Factors

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o Setting – most important research v. leisure, war

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Drug Classifications

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Opiods
Depressants
Stimulants
Marijuana
Hallucinogens
Inhalents

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Opiods - opium, morphine, heroin, hydrocodone, oxy, fentanyl

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o Relieve pain, cause drowsiness, induce euphoria
o small doses are especially useful for medical purposes
o people get sick the first time they have it
o abuse often leads to dependence
o tolerance develops rapidly
o withdrawal - cramps chills sweating nausea tremors irritability feelings of panic anxiety (Emotional & Physical)
o sniffing and snorting avoids the risks associated with injecting such as STDs

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Depressants - Alcohol, barbiturates, benzos, methaqualone, rufies

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o Sedative hypnotives – slow down CNS
o Alcohol, barbiturates, benzos, methaqualone, rufies
o Dependence occurs with repeated use
o Administered – typically injected, swallowed
o Tolerance can build up 15 times the usual does
o Tranquilizers cause physical dependence (xanex, kaladapen)
o More sever dependence than opioids
• Begins as anxiety and depressants are used to relieve stressors

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Marijuana - Cannabis Sativa

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o Cannabis sativa
o Most widely used ILLEGAL drug - 47% Americans have tried
o Active ingredient – THC (tetrahydrocannibinol)
• Potency is based on THC content
• Plants that grow in the wild have less than 1% THC
• Controlled pharm plants 7-11%
• Low dose
 strong influence on expectations, situation, and previous experience
 euphoria
 sensory experiences – slowing down the perception of time
 relaxed laid back attitude
 good for medical purposes
• High Doses
 Learning problems
 Impairments in attention and memory
 Long term use may lower testosterone and sperm count and increase sperm abnormalities
• effects parts of the brain which control balance and reaction time
• withdrawals – nervousness, sleep loss, weight loss, anger, irritability

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Hallucinogens - LSD, mescaline, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP and Psilcybin

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o Altered state of consciousness, perceptions, and feelings and thought
o LSD, mescaline, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP and Psilcybin
o LSD
• Visual disturbances, loss of time, improved hearing, distortion of body
• Synthesitia – feelings of de-personalization self and reality no difference between internal and external
• Taken for mystical and spiritual experiences
• Panic can result no matter the result
o Flashbacks - believed happen when fat stored during a trip is burned and remaining LSD is released into the body
o Methods of admin – swallow, absorb, inject, snort, or smoke

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Stimulants - Cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, ephedrine, caffeine

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o Speed up activity of nervous and muscular system
• Cause heart rate, blood pressure to rise, muscles to constrict,
• Cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, ephedrine, caffeine
 Cocaine is derived from the coca plant
 Smoked crack reached the brain in 10 seconds, injected take 20 seconds
 Mucus membranes slow absorption, snorting is slowest 1-2 minutes
 Larger the dose, more rapidly it is absorbed and greater the immediate effects
 Sudden death can result from coke
 Can cause convulsions and respiratory collapse, irregular heartbeat, extremely high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke
• 7x more like to have a heart attack
 Amphetamines – generally increase motor activity but do not alter ability to perform tasks (motor function)
 Caffeine – most popular psychoactive drug on the market
• And one of the oldest
• Administration – Swallow, inject, snort, or smoke
• Dependence, tolerance & withdrawal

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Inhalants - Most Dangerous
Paint Thinner, Gasoline, Aerosols Contain Solvents, Nitrates, Aesthetics, Free-on

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o Nearly all inhalents produce effects similar to those of anesthetics , slow down the bodys function
o Volatile – paint thinner gasoline
o Aerosols contain solvents
o Nitrates
o Anesthetics – NOS
o Easy to obtain and found in everyday products
o Paraphenilia is inconspicuous
o High dose can immediate brain damage, and death
o Administration – sniffing, snorting, bagging, huffing

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Treatment For Drug Dependence

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• Medication-assisted treatment
o Drug substitution
• Administered by doctors, generally in a treatment center
• Treatment centers
o Allows to be monitored in emotional and physiological areas
• Self-help Groups and peer counseling
o AA
o NA