Health, Wellness And Illness #1

Front 1

There are three levels of ________________ that occur at various points in the course of progression of a disease.

Back 1

Prevention. Prevention, in a narrow sense, means avoiding the development of disease in the future, and, in the broader sense, consists of all interventions to limit the progression of a disease.

Front 2

The purpose of ______________ prevention is to decrease the risk or exposure of the individual to disease.

Back 2

Primary. Primary prevention focuses on health promotion and protection against specific health problems through immunizations, quarantine, etc. (Stop the problem before it starts.)

Front 3

Identifying individuals in an early stage of a disease process and limiting future disability is called ______________ prevention.

Back 3

Secondary. Early identification of health problems and prompt intervention to alleviate health problems is the focus of secondary prevention. (Find the problem early and treat it quickly.)

Front 4

With the goal of returning a client to an optimal level of functioning, ______________ prevention focuses on restoration and rehabilitation.

Back 4

Tertiary. Once a health problem/disease has been found in a client, efforts are made to return that client to the highest level of function as possible. (Find the problem and treat it to limit the disability involved as much as possible.)

Front 5

The Health ________________ Model (HPM) focuses on health-promoting behaviors rather than health protection or illness prevention behaviors.

Back 5

Promotion. Health promotion is different from illness prevention in that the goals are to promote behaviors that will ensure good health (good food choices, exercise, etc.) rather than use only preventative measure for known diseases (immunizations, etc.).

Front 6

Health ______________ change is a cyclical phenomenon in which people progress through several stages.

Back 6

Behavior. Behavioral changes are necessary to attain positive health outcomes such as improved health, enhanced functional ability, and better quality of life at all stages of development.

Front 7

In the __________________ stage of behavioral change, the person typically denies having a problem or views others as having a problem.

Back 7

Precontemplation. The person in this stage refuses to admit a change is needed, is not interested in information about the behavior, believes the behavior is not under their control, is defensive when confronted with information, and believes the situation is hopeless.

Front 8

During the ________________ stage, the person acknowledges having a problem, seriously considers changing a specific behavior, actively gathers information, and verbalizes plans to change the behavior in the near future.

Back 8

Contemplation. The person in this stage is not yet ready to take action. Some people may stay in the contemplative stage for months or years. The next stage is usually reached when the person begins to focus on the solution rather than the problem and when the person begins to think more about the future than the past.

Front 9

When a person undertakes cognitive and behavioral activities toward a health behavior change, the _______________ stage will occur.

Back 9

Preparation. At this stage, the person makes the final specific plans to accomplish the behavior change. Small behavioral changes may have been made already to get started.

Front 10

The greatest commitment of time and energy are required for the ___________ stage.

Back 10

Action. This stage occurs when the person actively implements behavioral and cognitive strategies to interrups previous behavior patterns and adopt new ones.

Front 11

A strong commitment to the ________________ stage is necessary to prevent a relapse back to the precontemplation or contemplation stage.

Back 11

Maintenance. Newly adopted behavior patterns have been integrated into the person's lifestyle. The maintenance stage lasts until the person no longer experiences temptation to return to previous unhealthy behaviors.

Front 12

The ultimate goal of health behavior change is the ______________ stage.

Back 12

Termination. The individual has complete confidence that the problem is no longer a temptation or threat. Experts debate whether some behaviors can be terminated rather than requiring continual maintenance.

Front 13

Healthy clients who require teaching for health promotion, disease prevention, and personal growth will find _____________ diagnoses applicable at all levels of prevention.

Back 13

Wellness. Wellness diagnoses provide a clear focus for planning interventions without indicating that a problem exists. The client is well and wants to stay that way.

Front 14

During the ______________ process of health promotion, the nurse acts as a resource person rather than as an advisor or counselor.

Back 14

Planning. Health promotion plans need to be developed according to the needs, desires, and priorities of the client. The nurse provides information when asked, emphasizes the importance of small steps to behavior change, and reviews the client's goals and plans to make sure they are realistic, measurable, and acceptable to the client.

Front 15

_________________ is the "doing" part of behavior change in health promotion.

Back 15

Implementing. While the nurse is a valuable resource during implementing, self-responsibility is emphasized. The nurse may provide support, counseling, facilitating, teaching, consulting, and modeling in enhancing the behavior change.

Front 16

It is during the _______________ that the client may decide to continue with the plan, reorder priorities, change strategies, or revise the health promotion plan.

Back 16

Evaluation. Evaluation of the health promotion plan is a collaborative effort between the nurse and the client. It is an ongoing process to assess the short-term and long-term goals.

Front 17

Traditionally, ___________ has been defined in terms of the presence or absence of disease.

Back 17

Health. There is no consensus about any definition of health. Nightingale defined health as a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent.  The World Health Organization (WHO) takes a more holistic view of health stating, "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". Talcott Parsons' definition conceptualized health as the ability to maintain normal roles. The 1953 U.S. President's Commission on Health Needs stated, "a dynamic state of being in which the developmental and behavioral potential of an individual is realized to the fullest extent possible." Ultimately, health is a highly individual perception.

Front 18

A state of well-being is referred to as ______________.

Back 18

Wellness. There are many aspects of wellness. The basic concepts include self-responsibility; daily decision making in the areas of nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, emotional health, and other aspects of health; and the whole being of the individual.

Front 19

The _____________ aspect of wellness involves the actual physical body and all factors that affect the body.

Back 19

Physical. The ability to practice positive lifestyle habits produces physical wellness. These include pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal fitness; adequate nutrition; avoidance of abusing drugs and alcohol; and non-use of tobacco products.

Front 20

Another aspect of wellness includes dealing with people in a successful manner and is called the _____________ aspect.

Back 20

Social. Dealing with people on a daily basis in a successful interaction indicates social wellness. This also includes developing and maintaining intimacy with significant others and developing respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs.

Front 21

_____________ wellness involves the ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings and to accept one's limitations.

Back 21

Emotional. Managing stress and expressing emotions appropriately also signify emotional wellness.

Front 22

An indication of _________________ wellness is the ability to learn and use information effectively.

Back 22

Intellectual. Whether dealing with information on a personal level, with family, or in career development, intellectual wellness involves striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively.

Front 23

A person's own morals, values, and ethics are demonstrated in _____________ wellness.

Back 23

Spiritual. The belief in nature, science, religion, or a higher power serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life.

Front 24

Achieving a balance between work and leisure time is called _________________ wellness.

Back 24

Occupational. A person's beliefs about education, employment and home influence personal satisfaction and relationships with others. A lack of occupational wellness is where you will find the "workaholic" needing to refocus and re-align their priorities.

Front 25

The health and wellness issues that include food, water, and air, and affect the quality of life in the community are called _______________ issues.

Back 25

Environmental. Promoting health measures that improve the standard of living in a community is environmental wellness.

Front 26

Models of __________ include the clinical model, the role performance model, the adaptive model, the eudemonistic model, the agent-host-environment model, and health-illness continua.

Back 26

Health. Because health is such a complex concept, various models have been used to explain health and its relationship to illness or injury. By clarifying these models, the nurse can broaden the scope and nature of nursing practice and allow for better communication with a client and their health beliefs.

Front 27

The narrowest interpretation of health occurs in the ____________ model.

Back 27

Clinical. In this model, the opposite of health is disease or injury. It is one or the other--sick or healthy.

Front 28

It is assumed in the ______ ______________ model that sickness is the inability to perform one's work.

Back 28

Role performance. In this model, health is defined in terms of the individual's ability to fulfill societal roles and perform work. People who can fulfill their roles are healthy, even if they appear clinically ill. A problem with this model is the assumption that a person's most important role is the work role, rather than that of parent, child, friend, etc.

Front 29

In the _____________ model, health is a creative process and disease is a failure in adaptation.

Back 29

Adaptive. The aim of treatment is to restore the ability of the person to cope. According to this model, extreme good health is flexible adaptation to the environment and interaction with the environment to maximum advantage.

Front 30

Health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of a person's potential in the ______________ model.

Back 30

Eudemonistic. In this model, the highest aspiration of humans is fulfillment and complete development. Illness is a condition that prevents self-actualization.

Front 31

The ________-________-______________ model of health and illness is also known as the ecological model.

Back 31

Agent-Host-Environment. This model has been expanded into a general theory of the multiple causes of disease and is used primarily in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness. The agent is any environmental factor or stressor that by its presence or absence can lead to illness or disease. The host may or may not be at risk of acquiring a disease and is influenced by family history, age, and lifestyle habits. The environment encompasses all physical and social factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development of disease.

Front 32

Grids or graduated scales that can be used to measure a person’s perceived level of wellness constitute the Health-Illness _______________.

Back 32

Continua. Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum. People can move back and forth within this continuum day by day, from good health to death. An individual's perception of their health and the perception of others around them affects their placement on the continuum.

Front 33

Often described as nonmodifiable variables, _____________ variables include biologic, psychologic, and cognitive dimensions.

Back 33

Internal. The biologic dimension includes genetic makeup, sex, age, and developmental level. The psychologic factors influencing health include mind-body interactions and self-concept. The intellectual or cognitive factors include lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs.

Front 34

_______________ variables affecting health include the physical environment, standards of living, family and cultural beliefs, and social support networks.

Back 34

External. Environmental issues include climate, radiation, and pesticide and chemical contamination. Occupational roles, as well as, hygiene, food habits, and the propensity to seek health care advice vary among high and low-income groups and are based on an individual's standard of living. Family and cultural beliefs encompass the history of physical or emotional abuse and culture and social interactions. Social support networks include family and friends who assist in confirming that illness exists and provide the stimulus for an ill person to become well again.

Front 35

_________ ___ ____________ (LOC) is a concept from social learning theory that nurses can use to determine whether clients are likely to take action regarding their health.

Back 35

Locus of Control. People with an Internal Locus of Control, or Internals, are people who believe that they have a major influence on their own heath status. Externals believe that their health is largely controlled by outside forces beyond their control. There are many measurement instruments available for the nurse to assess LOC, thus allowing the nurse to plan internal reinforcement training if necessary in order to improve client efforts toward better health.

Front 36

The degree of ________________ of a client may range from disregarding every aspect of the recommendations to following the total therapeutic plan.

Back 36

Adherence. The extent to which an individual's behavior coincides with medical or health advice is adherence. Nurses need to ensure that the client is able to perform the prescribed therapy and understand the necessary instructions, is a willing participant in establishing goals of therapy, and values the planned outcomes of behavior changes.

Front 37

Although it's not synonymous with disease and it may or may not be related to disease, ____________ is a highly personal state in which the person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished.

Back 37

Illness. Illness is highly subjective and can only be determined by the individual person. A person can have a disease and feel no illness or a person can have no signs of disease and feel ill.

Front 38

____________ can be described as an alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.

Back 38

Disease. While a single-causation theory was once believed to bring disease, today multiple factors are considered to interact in causing disease and determining an individual's response to treatment.

Front 39

The causation of a disease is called its _____________.

Back 39

Etiology. A description of the etiology of a disease includes the identification of all causal factors that act together to bring about the particular disease. There are many diseases for which the cause is unknown. Other diseases are also influenced by a client's age, nutritional status, and occupation.

Front 40

Severe symptoms of relatively short duration refer to _________ illness.

Back 40

Acute. Symptoms often appear abruptly and may subside quickly and may or may not require intervention by health care professionals.

Front 41

A ___________ illness is one that lasts for an extended period, usually six months or longer.

Back 41

Chronic. Chronic illnesses usually have a slow onset and often have periods of remission and exacerbation. Care needs to be focused on promoting the highest possible level of independence, sense of control, and wellness while learning to live with increasing physical limitations and discomfort.

Front 42

__________ _____________ is a coping mechanism that involves ways individuals describe, monitor, and interpret their symptoms.

Back 42

Illness Behavior. How people behave when they are ill is highly individualized and affected by many variables. Age, sex, occupation, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic origin, psychological stability, personality, and education contribute to a person's behavior, remedial actions, and use of the health care system.

Front 43

There are five stages of ____________: symptoms, sick role, medical care contact, dependent client role, and recovery or rehabilitation.

Back 43

Illness. Not all clients progress through each stage of illness. A life-threatening circumstance can advance a client directly to stage three or four. Other clients may progress through only the first two stages and then recover.

Front 44

The ____________ stage of illness includes the physical experience, the cognitive aspect, and the emotional response.

Back 44

Symptom. During this first stage, the person usually consults others about symptoms or feelings to validate that the symptoms are a genuine concern. Home remedies are often tried to alleviate the symptoms.

Front 45

Assumption of the _________ role means the individual now accepts the illness and seeks confirmation from family and friends.

Back 45

Sick. During the second stage of illness, the sick role stage, symptoms have often worsened and the person may be unable to fulfill normal duties or role expectations. Emotions also begin to come into play depending on the severity of the illness, perceived degree of disability, and anticipated duration of the illness.

Front 46

When symptoms of illness persist or increase, the person may be motivated to seek ____________ ________.

Back 46

Medical Care. At this stage, people are seeking professional advice regarding the validity of the illness, an explanation of the symptoms, and reassurance that they will be well soon. The client will then determine whether to accept the diagnosis and followed the prescribed treatment plan, or reject the diagnosis and seek other opinions.

Front 47

After accepting the illness and seeking treatment, the client becomes ______________ on the medical professional for help.

Back 47

Dependent. This is the fourth stage of illness--the dependent client role. The amount of dependence on the medical professional depends on the client and the illness. Some clients find it difficult to relinquish independence in any way. Others may be willing to be dependent on their medical professional to a certain degree. Still others find total dependence on the professional very satisfying. In addition, the amount of independence a client can retain depends on the medical situation; i.e. a car accident victim may be unconscious and totally dependent on the medical staff.

Front 48

During the ______________ stage, the client is expected to relinquish the dependent role and resume former roles and responsibilities.

Back 48

Recovery or Rehabilitation. Acute and chronic illnesses require a different recovery time and method. Clients with an acute illness may have a quick recovery time and go straight back to their normal lifestyle. Clients with a chronic illness or permanent disability may require therapy to learn how to make major adjustments in their lifestyle.