Health, Wellness, Illness #2

Front 1

Ill individuals are vulnerable to loss of _______________ and may have to make a change in their lifestyle.

Back 1

Autonomy. Being independent and self-directed without outside control is being autonomous. Nurses need to support the client's right to self-determination and autonomy as much as possible. Lifestyle adjustments can be assisted by nurses by providing explanations and offering support.

Front 2

A person's illness affects not only the person who is ill but also the ____________ or significant others.

Back 2

Family. The extent of the effect on the family will depend on the member of the family that is ill, the seriousness and length of the illness, and the cultural and social customs the family follows. The family may be required to make role changes and task reassignments, there may be stress, increased demands on time, financial problems, loneliness, and a change in social customs.

Front 3

Therapies are termed as ________________ when used in addition to conventional treatments.

Back 3

Complimentary. These therapies are not currently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medical practice as they lack biomedical explanations, but some have become widely accepted.

Front 4

_______________ medicine is an unrelated group of non-orthodox practices which do not follow conventional biomedical explanations.

Back 4

Alternative. Practices of alternative medicine vary greatly from country to country and many of the techniques used by one country do not translate well to another country because of cultural differences.

Front 5

In ____________ theory, all living organisms are seen as interacting, unified wholes that are more than the mere sum of their parts.

Back 5

Holistic. This theory supports that any disturbance in one part is a disturbance of the whole system. Holistic theories also maintain that health requires that the forces of nature be kept in balance or harmony and involves the total person.

Front 6

Healing through __________ goes back to early civilization and has been developed in some form by most cultures.

Back 6

Touch. The use of touch therapy varies widely among cultures. Some of the most used forms of touch therapy include massage, reflexology, acupressure, and Reiki (the flow of energy from one to another).

Front 7

The focus of ________-_________ therapies is on bringing balance to thoughts, emotions, or the breath.

Back 7

Mind-Body. These therapies include progressive relaxation, biofeedback, imagery, yoga, meditation, prayer, music therapy, humor and laughter, and hypnosis.

Front 8

To assess a client's health, four __________ signs are taken which include body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure.

Back 8

Vital. These readings should be reviewed in total and are checked to monitor the functions of the body. The signs reflect changes in function that otherwise might not be observed. Vitals should be evaluated with reference to the client's present and prior health status and compared to the client's usual and accepted normal standards.

Front 9

Body ________________ reflects the balance between the heat produced and the heat lost from the body, measured in heat units called degrees.

Back 9

Temperature. There are two kinds of body temperature: core temperature and surface temperature. Core temperature is the temperature of the deep tissues of the body and remains relatively constant. The surface temperature is the temperature of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, and fat, and rises and falls in response to the environment.

Front 10

Nurses should be aware of factors that can affect a client's body temperature so that they can recognize ___________ temperature variations.

Back 10

Normal. While there are normal ranges of temperature for different clients, age, diurnal variations, exercise, hormones, stress, and environment can affect the body temperature.

Front 11

Clients of a very young or very old _______ are greatly influenced by the temperature of the environment.

Back 11

Age. Infants as well as elderly clients are at a higher risk for heat stroke and hypothermia. Both age groups have less body fat and less activity to maintain their body temperature.

Front 12

Body temperatures normally change throughout the day and this is referred to as ___________ variations.

Back 12

Diurnal. The highest body temperature is usually reached in the late evening. The lowest body temperature is usually reached in the early morning hours. The variance may be as much as 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit.

Front 13

Hard work or strenuous _____________ can increase body temperature.

Back 13

Exercise. Strenuous exercise can make as much as two to five degrees Fahrenheit difference in the client's body temperature. This should be considered when recording a client's temperature if they haven't had an opportunity to cool down from hard work or exercise.

Front 14

Women usually experience more _____________ fluctuations than men, affecting their body temperature.

Back 14

Hormone. In women, progesterone secretion at the time of ovulation raises the body temperature by about .5 to one degree Fahrenheit.

Front 15

A client who is experiencing ___________ or anxiety could have an elevated body temperature.

Back 15

Stress. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system can increase the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, thereby increasing metabolic activity and heat production. A nurse should take this into consideration if the client seems highly stressed or anxious.

Front 16

The four most common sites for measuring body _____________ are oral, rectal, axillary, and the tympanic membrane.

Back 16

Temperature. Each of the sites has advantages and disadvantages. The site choice for measuring this vital sign will depend on the client, the situation, and the routine of the medical facility.

Front 17

While being accessible and convenient, the _______ site for measuring body temperature has the disadvantages of inaccuracy if the client has recently ingested hot or cold food or fluid or smoked.

Back 17

Oral. Other disadvantages to the use of an oral thermometer include the glass thermometer can break if bitten and the mouth could be injured if the client has experienced recent oral surgery.

Front 18

The most reliable measurement of body temperature is through the use of a __________ thermometer.

Back 18

Rectal. While this provides the most reliable reading, it is inconvenient and more unpleasant for the client and takes a little longer to register completely. Use of a rectal thermometer could also be harmful to a client following rectal surgery and the possibility of stool presence may interfere with the thermometer placement.

Front 19

The thermometer must be left in place a long time to obtain an accurate measurement using the _____________ site.

Back 19

Axillary. While the axillary site takes longer, having a thermometer in the pit of the underarm is safe and noninvasive. It is important that the site is dry and that the bulb of the thermometer is placed in the center of the axilla(armpit).

Front 20

A repeat measurement of body temperature in the _____________ ______________ may vary and right and left measurements can differ.

Back 20

Tympanic membrane. While a repeat measurement in the same ear or a measurement of the right and left ear can differ, taking the temperature at this site is a very fast and acceptable method. The ear is readily accessible and the reading reflects the core temperature. The process can be mildly uncomfortable and the presence of cerumen can affect the reading.

Front 21

A ______________ pulse is a pulse located away from the heart, such as in the foot, wrist, or neck.

Back 21

Peripheral. Using two or three middle fingertips, place light pressure over the pulse point. It is necessary to document the pulse rate, rhythm, and volume.

Front 22

Located at the apex of the heart, the ____________ pulse is a central pulse.

Back 22

Apical. Place a stethoscope in the appropriate location on the left side of the client's chest to obtain an accurate apical pulse. The exact position varies depending on the age of the client.

Front 23

The act of breathing is called _________________.

Back 23

Respiration. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, the ribs move upward and outward, and the sternum moves outward. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, the ribs move downward and inward, and the sternum moves inward.

Front 24

The respiratory ________ can be influenced by several factors.

Back 24

Rate. Exercise, stress, increased environmental temperature, and lowered oxygen concentration at increased altitudes can increase the respiratory rate. Factors that may decrease the respiratory rate include decreased environmental temperature, certain medications, and increased intracranial pressure.

Front 25

Arterial _________ ____________ is a measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries.

Back 25

Blood pressure. Because the blood moves in waves, there are two blood pressure measures: the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. The average blood pressure of a healthy adult is 120/80 mm Hg. However, blood pressure can vary considerably among individuals and it is important to know a specific client's baseline blood pressure.

Front 26

The ____________ pressure is the pressure of the blood as a result of contraction of the ventricles or the pressure of the height of the blood wave.

Back 26

Systolic. This is measured as the top number of the blood pressure fraction.

Front 27

The pressure when the ventricles are at rest is the _____________ pressure.

Back 27

Diastolic. This is measured as the bottom number of the blood pressure fraction.

Front 28

A blood pressure that is persistently above normal is called ________________.

Back 28

Hypertension. Hypertension is often a contributing factor to myocardial infarctions (heart attacks) and is a widespread health problem. Factors associated with hypertension include thickening of the arterial walls and inelasticity of the arteries. Also, lifestyle factors can cause hypertension, such as smoking, obesity, heavy alcohol consumption, lack of physical exercise, high blood cholesterol levels, and continued exposure to stress.

Front 29

The __________ is a wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.

Back 29

Pulse. Generally, the pulse wave represents the stroke volume output and the amount of blood that enters the arteries with each ventricular contraction.

Front 30

________________ is a blood pressure that is below normal.

Back 30

Hypotension. Hypotension can be caused by analgesics, bleeding, severe burns, and dehydration. Clients experiencing hypotension may be more susceptible to falls and fainting.

Front 31

A complete health _______________ may be conducted starting at the head and proceeding in a systematic manner downward, from head to toe.

Back 31

Assessment. This kind of complete health assessment is necessary to obtain baseline data about the client's functional abilities; to supplement, confirm, or refute data obtained in the nursing history; to obtain data that will help establish nursing diagnoses and plan of care; to evaluate the physiologic outcomes of health care; to make clinical judgments about a client's health status; and to identify areas for health promotion and disease prevention. This kind of assessment should be conducted in a systematic and efficient manner requiring the fewest position changes for the client.

Front 32

While it may be direct or indirect, _______________ is the process of listening to sounds produced within the body.

Back 32

Auscultation. Direct auscultation is the use of the unaided ear in listening to body sounds, such as respiration wheeze or the grating of a moving joint. Indirect auscultation is the use of a stethoscope to listen to sounds from within the body, such as bowel sounds or valve sounds of the heart and blood pressure.

Front 33

The examination which includes the skin, hair, and nails is called the ________________.

Back 33

Integument. All senses are necessary for a complete assessment. The skin, hair, and nails may all have variables as related to the client's age, health, and ethnicity. Assessment of the skin includes detection of skin odors, pallor and cyanosis of skin, edema, and lesions. Assessment of the hair includes inspection of the thickness, texture, infections or infestations, and amount of body hair. To assess the nails, both fingernails and toenails should be inspected looking at the shape of the nail, the texture, the bed color, and the tissue around the nails.

Front 34

During the assessment of the ________, the nurse examines the skull, face, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, mouth, and pharynx.

Back 34

Head. To make a complete assessment of the head, inspect the skull for size, shape, and symmetry; palpate the skull for nodules or masses and depressions; inspect the facial features; note the symmetry of facial movements; inspect the brows, lashes, and conjunctiva of the eyes; pupil reactions; peripheral visual fields; ocular movements; vision tests; ears, inside and out; nose and sinuses; lips; teeth; mouth and gums; throat and tonsils.

Front 35

Examination of the ________ includes the muscles, lymph nodes, trachea, thyroid gland, carotid arteries, and jugular veins.

Back 35

Neck. The areas of the neck are defined into two triangles: the anterior and the posterior. The trachea, thyroid gland, anterior cervical nodes, and carotid artery lie within the anterior triangle. The posterior lymph nodes lie within the posterior triangle.

Front 36

Assessing the ____________ and lungs is frequently critical to assessing the client's aeration status.

Back 36

Thorax. The thorax is the area of the human body between the head and the abdomen. The respiratory system can encounter changes slowly or quickly. Injury can cause sudden changes and chronic conditions may cause gradual changes.

Front 37

Abnormal breath sounds, called ________________ breath sounds, occur when air passes through narrowed airways or airways filled with fluid or mucus, or when pleural linings are inflamed.

Back 37

Adventitious. These breath sounds are often superimposed over normal sounds. There are four types of adventitious sounds: crackles, gurgles, pleural friction rubs, and wheezes.

Front 38

The _________ is usually assessed during an initial physical assessment and the checks are usually performed while the client is in a semi-reclined position.

Back 38

Heart. Heart sounds can be heard by auscultation. To hear these low intensity sounds, it helps to eliminate all sources of room noise. Concentrate on one particular sound at a time in each area: the first heart sound, followed by systole, then the second heart sound, then diastole. Systole and diastole are normally silent intervals.

Front 39

The ___________ and axillae of both men and women should be assessed routinely.

Back 39

Breasts. The breasts should be inspected for size, symmetry, and shape while the client is in a sitting position. Skin discolorations should be noted. Inspect the areola area and the nipples. Palpate the lymph nodes and examine for masses, tenderness, and any discharge.

Front 40

The nurse locates and describes findings in the ____________ using two common methods of subdividing this area: quadrants and regions.

Back 40

Abdomen. The abdomen is comprised of four quadrants and nine regions. Each quadrant and region houses different organs of the body.

Front 41

The three major considerations in determining the extent of a _______________ exam include the client's chief complaints, the client's physical condition, and the client's willingness to participate and cooperate.

Back 41

Neurologic. Examination of the neurologic system includes assessment of mental status, cranial nerves, reflexes, motor function, and sensory function. A thorough neurologic examination may take one to three hours.

Front 42

A ___________ is any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress.

Back 42

Stressor. Stress is a condition in which the person responds to changes in the normal balanced state. When a person faces stressors, responses are referred to as coping strategies, responses, or mechanisms.

Front 43

_______________ of an individual's stress may be physiologic, psychologic, or cognitive.

Back 43

Indicators. Responses to stress vary depending on the individual's perception of events. Some physiologic signs and symptoms of stress include dilation of pupils, diaphoresis, increased heart rate, respiration rate, and dry mouth. Psychologic manifestations of stress include anxiety, fear, anger, depression, and unconscious ego defense mechanisms. Cognitive indicators of stress are thinking responses that include problem solving, structuring, self-control, suppression, and fantasy.

Front 44

There are two types of ____________ strategies--problem-focused and emotion-focused.

Back 44

Coping. Dealing with problems and situations or contending with them successfully is either an innate or an acquired way of responding to a changing environment, problem, or situation. Problem-focused coping refers to efforts to improve a situation by making changes or taking action. Emotion-focused coping includes thoughts and actions that relieve emotional distress. It does not improve the situation, but often makes the person feel better. Emotion-focused coping includes thoughts and actions that relieve emotional distress. It does not improve the situation, but often makes the person feel better.